Forks vs. spoons free essay sample

Luck is a matter of preparation meeting opportunity. Have you ever heard people talk about the things they would do if they won the lottery, and yet a large percentage of these people never go out and buy a ticket. These people have exactly a zero chance of winning, while the ones who went out and bought a ticket have a chance, albeit slim, at becoming lucky. This is the scenario that came to mind when I first read the quote Luck is a matter of preparation meeting opportunity.However, the more I thought about the quote, the more I realized how easily this could be applied to many real life situations. The author of this quote is trying to tell the readers that preparing yourself for opportunity is the key to being lucky, or successful. In order to prepare yourself for success, there are certain steps that must take place. We will write a custom essay sample on Forks vs. spoons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page First, you have to believe in yourself. You must believe that you can pick the lucky numbers, or you must believe that you are capable f competing in, lets say a marathon. Second, you have to set goals for yourself. In the case of the lottery its pretty easy; Goal #1, buy ticket. Goal #2, wait. In the marathon scenario, much like most other scenarios, Its a little more complicated. You must train both physically and mentally, and make many sacrifices along the way. Finally, you must be optimistic about the result you achieve. In the case of the lottery player, they probably didnt win. But at least they can try again in a few days, right?The marathon runner may not have won the race. He might have even come In last place. Regardless of the outcome, he can still say he was able to compete In, and finish a marathon, in addition to the strength and discipline he learned along the way. I personally agree with the message that this quote Is trying to send out. It Is important to know that the only thing keeping you from achieving your goals Is yourself. Once you realize this, there Is no limit to how far you can go In life.

Seduce, Seduction and Seductive

Seduce, Seduction and Seductive Seduce, Seduction and Seductive Seduce, Seduction and Seductive By Maeve Maddox Wording in an astrological meme I saw on Facebook prompted this post: People born under the sign of Cancer are very observing. They are very seducing and captivating. I thought it odd to use seducing and not seductive in this context. (I was also bothered by the use of observing instead of observant, but that’s another post.) Seduce The most common meaning of seduce in modern usage is probably this one: seduce: To induce a woman to surrender her chastity. In the 16th century, the meaning of seduce was â€Å"to persuade a vassal or soldier or other sworn follower to desert his allegiance or service.† The sexual meaning came along in the 18th century. Seduce is used in a non-sexual sense to mean â€Å"to tempt† or â€Å"to lead astray†: Those brightly coloured palettes  of lipsticks are put at the front of  displays to seduce you into  buying  more.   People are seduced into evil by dehumanizing and labeling others. The principal parts of the verb are seduce, seduced, (have) seduced. The present participle form seducing is used as a verb or a gerund: The earl’s footman was seducing the kitchen maid. (verb used to form the past continuous tense) Don Juan had a reputation for seducing women. (gerund, object of a preposition) Seductive Although seducing was occasionally used as if it were cognate with French seduisant (â€Å"alluring, very attractive†), that meaning in English is conveyed by the adjective seductive. For example, â€Å"Sophia Loren is one of the most beautiful and seductive women in the world.† Like the verb seduce, the adjective seductive is not limited to a sexual connotation. Anything that evokes a strong emotional attraction can be said to be seductive: Tips for Creating a  Seductive  Email  Campaign Cameron’s ‘them and us’ message is a seductive one The seductive appeal of cultural stereotypes The disenfranchised  elements of society are highly vulnerable to the  seductive appeal  of intolerant belief systems. Seducing Used as a qualifier, the participle seducing means, â€Å"tempting to evil† or â€Å"corrupting†: Now the Spirit speaks expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils.- 1 Timothy 4:1. Freud notes that the abrogation by nations of their moral ties has a seducing influence on the morality of individuals. When I did a web search for the phrase â€Å"very seducing,† I found it predominantly in descriptions of sexually explicit videos. I suppose the purveyors of prurient videos think â€Å"seducing† means sexy, unaware that they’ve stumbled upon a more apt description of their wares. Bottom line: seductive (adjective): sexy, tempting. seducing (adjective): tempting to evil, corrupting. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesPeace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindWhat is an Anagram?

The Effect of Technology on Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Effect of Technology on Education - Essay Example The adoption of technology in education is capable of giving opportunity to the students to develop their thoughts according to the education offered. Before 2nd world war the American Business men used to appreciate the educational system that made people into workers without will or purpose. The adoption of technology into education should be in such a manner that it can be utilized in all the branches of education, so that no branch of education is left out without using the advances in technology. By adopting the technology in education there is a chance to liberate the effects of political philosophy. There is a possibility of changing the political philosophy according to the education by using technology. First of all the adoption of technology in any education concentrates on industrial efficiency and it produces efficient workers and managers. By adopting the technology efficiently and prudently in education, the present education system is producing the human resources. (Ma rot, Helen, 1865-1940, 2004) It is opined by number of experts and Glenn commission in 2000 that the educational technology and education interface is advantageous for both. The technology can get commercial usage and the purview and quality of the education can be enhanced. This is due to the fact that the educational technology regarding computer and its peripherals has grown rapidly in recent years. The usage of technology in education will result the increase of usage of technology in the commercial organizations and industry and vice versa. The present day students cannot understand or digest the limitations of technology in the educational institutions and the institutions that offer technological facilities are considered as the best ones in their domain. Both educational and industrial technologies are using internet related technology and this formed the core of education and business. The digital connectivity with other educational institutions, universities and industries is becoming more and more vi tal as the information and knowledge sharing has been organized and it will increase the efficiency of the institutions. The following quote is the opinion of the US department of commerce. "Therefore raising the level of digital inclusion by increasing the number of people using the technology tools of the digital age is a vitally important national goal. "(No author, 2005) 3. Enhancing the Positive Educational Change The vital importance of the technology is insisted due to the effective and positive change in education due to increase in usage of technology. The inability and uncertainty of schools and universities that do not provide leadership in technology areas of education cannot improve and share learning processes and methods. The sharing of the thoughts and views which is used to be done in the past after the education can be done in the course of education due to technology. This effect can make meaningful recommendation of increase of usage of technology in education. When the knowledge of technology is inadequate for any institution to make meaningful recommendations, they can take assistance of the government and industry. This advice is due to the fact that the technology is responsible for the increase of productivity and profitability in many industries. As the increase of p

Health Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Sociology - Essay Example Also included is the criticism of capitalism which forces the lower working classes to be subject to the exploitation of the upper classes. This includes not only the working standards of the employees but a variety of other factors such as the standards of health which are determined by the bourgeoisie set to attain power. Through manipulating these means, they are able to produce surplus product which leads to profits and the upper classes accumulation of wealth and power for themselves. The last pattern set by Marxism is the need for the worker to revolt. It is only by standing up to the orders set for them by the upper classes that the proletariat can escape. This requires the workers to unite through unions and political parties to stand against the control of the rich ruling classes. Thus, the Marxist policy is very consistent with the idea of exploitation done by the ruling class to maintain their power over the poorer and less powerful working classes. While most Marxist opinions are based upon the concept of economic determinism and its effect on the resulting class conflict, Marx and Engels have been unable to come with a unified and direct theory on over-all purpose of civil society itself. However this purpose of society can be understood by examining the work done by both men. This includes the criticism of the 19th century social systems, the advantages of a communist system and its superiority to the exploitation committed by the capitalist systems and the Marxist need for a justified revolution that would allow the workers to gain their due rights (Peffer 1990).Thus, Marxists aim for a health system that will not deprive the poor of their rights to a justifiable and efficient system that will provide for their basic needs and wants. Marxists view the health care system as a method for capitalist societies to search for profits while maintaining their capitalist domination and capital accumulation (Waitzkin 1983). Marx saw the problems created by the inequality amongst the classes. The conditions borne by the lower working classes were dismal. The working classes were living in an abject state of poverty and were deprived of many material goods. Not only were they paid a minimum wage which prevented them from buying anything but the basic necessities of life but they also lived together which allowed the diseases amongst them to spread at a much higher speed. This unbridled capitalist system created a breeding ground for disease amongst the proletariat (Baggott 2004). There is no doubt that the upper classes are not immune to the disease and infections spread caused by the social and economic conditions, but the number of ill-health between the rich and poor are severely disproportionate. This was coupled with the health services provided to the two different classes. Both were phenomenally different. This proved the Marxist concept that while the rich prospered; the working class lived in poo r conditions under them. The idea is that the health of managerial and professional classes tends to improve while those of the poorer

Technological Change and Economic Growth Research Paper

Technological Change and Economic Growth - Research Paper Example Moreover, it is very essential to understand here that technology does not refer only to the information and technology but it signifies the transfer of knowledge, both theoretical and practical knowledge (Amesse & Cohendet, 2001, pp. 1459-1478) that influences the process of development positively and/or negatively. In order to understand the role of technological change in economic growth and broadly, economic development, it is very imperative to understand the definition of the terms itself that will subsequently indicate the role. Particularly, it has been an observation that economic development (Borensztein & Lee, 1995, pp. 115-124) has often been taken only in terms of economic progress of a state; in other words, in terms of its gross domestic production. However, in current era, economic development is more than an increase in GDP and various factors play a role in determining positive or negative economic development of a country. ... Here, one can notice various indicators in this list cannot be analysed quantitatively and therefore, economic development is more than quantitative progress of a country. The World Bank (2013) data confirms strong relationship of technological change with economic growth of countries. Analysis of its findings has indicated that countries that have invested more in technological advancements, especially in the sectors of education and business have been successful in providing basic facilities to its population, which has resulted in their overall economic growth and/or development. In other words, when a government ensures secure and encouraging social environment by working towards increased technological advancements, it automatically results in higher economic growth of the country. This surely is an indication of the role of technological changes that facilitates economic growth of a country. While the paper includes discussion on the role of technological change in economic gro wth of a country, it will be inappropriate to overlook the particular role of multinational enterprises that they play by bringing FDIs especially in developing countries. For many decades, quantitative indicator of economic growth (Victor, 2008, pp. 5-11) has remained an essential requisite for developing countries to transform into modern and developed economies. In the year 1972, Gould (pg. 1) defined economic growth as â€Å"the sustained increase in real per capita incomes.† Here, one can see that economic growth does not consider short-term alterations since it focuses on ‘sustained increase’. In this regard, one cannot overlook the significant role of

Impact of Capital Structure on Profitability

Impact of Capital Structure on Profitability Introduction A capital structure concerns the composition of the liability of a company or, more specifically, which is the relative participation of the several financing sources in the composition of the total obligations (Brealey and Myers, 1992; Gitman, 1997 and Weston Brigham, 2000). Capital structure decision is very vital for any organization; every organization wants a mix or arrangements that eventually achieves or increases its profitability and overall value. Different alternatives available to companies to finance its self sometimes through issuing shares securities, or some time from debt, organizations achieve different combinations huge or small amount of debt. An organization takes the combinations, which increase their efficiency and profitability and its market value. These types of decisions are very difficult in an uncertain economy. Such as; In Pakistani scenario existence of the macro environment factors such as lofty interest rates in double figures and volatility in economy and in political situations are big factors for the combination of capital structure. Consequently, the financing decisions experienced a significant rise of costs, in addition the diminution of the economic activity, which also raise the uncertainty. However, many theories and practical approaches contributed on capital structure, which ultimately give abundant literature: Target Capital Struture For the establishment of a target capital structure, the firm should analyze certain factors such as; mix of debt, preferred stock and common equity. The specific capital structure may be changed accordingly to conditions. The change in capital structure occurs due to the debt ratio. If the debt ratio is below the target level, the debt should be issued to raise the capital. If the conditions are in reverse, visa versa; the debt ratio is above the target the expansion capital should be raised by issuing equity. The firm, in its structure policy, involves a balance between risk and return in order to achieve the best combination to maximize the firms value. There are four primary factors, which influence capital structure decisions, they are: Business risk The firms tax position Financial flexibility Managerial conservatism or aggressiveness The above four factors largely determine the target capital structure. If no debt is used in the firms operations, it is at greater business risk while its favourable debt ratio is lower. If the firm uses the debt, the interest is deducted and the effective cost of the debt is lowered that is the major reason for using debt in the firms capital structure policy. If the firms income is sheltered from certain taxes such as; depreciation tax shields, interest on currently outstanding debt, tax loss carry-forwards. In such conditions, the firms tax rate will be low and in that condition additional debt will not be as advantageous as with a higher effective tax rate. If the conditions are adverse the firm should raise the capital on reasonable terms as steady supply of the capital is necessary for long run success it is in the knowledge of treasurer that at the time of tight economy or operating difficulties the suppliers of capital provide the funds with strong financial statements. It has, therefore observed that need for funds and the results of the fund shorted influence the capital structure. Hence, if the future need for capital is greater the consequences of capital shorted become worse. Therefore the financial statements should be stronger. The managerial conservatism or aggressiveness also influences the capital structure, managers of different firms possess different nature and observations or approaches some are aggressive than others and some are inclined to use the debt to get more profits. Though this factor is in effective to the favorable is value maximizing capital structure, yet it has great influence on the managerial target capital structure. On the whole the target capital structure is much influenced by the above four factors, due to which operational conditions can cause the actual capital structure to vary from the target capital structure. Optimal Capital Struture Most favorable capital is a capital which maximizes the worth of the companys stock it is also with a minimum weighted-average cost of capital generally known WACC. It does not necessary increases or maximizes earnings per share (EPS). Maximum earning per share (EPS) is not always achieved by attainment of the greater stock prices. With higher debt ratio may result in maximum earning per share (EPS), but may also increases firms risk level. Some debt employed by in optimal capital structure, but does not hundred percent (100%) debt employed. Some firms try to achieve different combinations of optimal capital structure; but they could not achieve this optimal capital structure or optimal point. There are many ways of the estimation of required rate of return on equity capital (RROE); through accumulating companys long-term cost of debt. Theories Of Capital Structure It has been observed that the capital structure of different industries vary form each other it is due to different reasons. If we observe two different companies from two different companies such as; pharmaceutical companies and airline companies the capital structure of the both companies quite different from each other. The reasons of the different capital structure of the different firms and industries are given in the theories, which are subjected to empirical tests. Modern capital structure theories are based on the published articles of professors Fransco Modigliani and Marton Miller (1958), generally known as (MM). According to MM the firms value is not affected by its capital structure and they further contributed were that the capital structure is irrelevant to a firms operations hence; MM has presented some unrealistic assumptions such: There are no brokerage costs There are no taxes There are no bankruptcy costs Investors can borrow at the same rate as corporations All the investors have the same information as management about the firms future investment opportunities EBIT in not affected by the use of debt Though some of the above assumptions are quite unrealistic yet; they are important as they indicate the conditions under which capital structure is irrelevant. MM have not only given unrealistic assumptions but they have also provided different clues, which show the required relevant capital structure and also affect a firms value. Thus MM assumptions gave the way to modern capital structure research and helped to develop more realistic theories of capital structure. The Trade-Off Theory The trade-off theory is very important theory; because it deals with the finance and equity. Which ultimately, elucidate how firms finance their venture for a time by equity and debt, theory also discuss the pros and cons of both ways. Companies best possible leverage change is inclined by firms adjustment toward an optimal leverage is inclined by three features such as: taxes, costs of financial distress and agency costs. Taxes And Bankruptcy Costs Tax rate and leverage are positively related; markup is a tax deductible, it reduces tax liability and enhances the after tax cash flows being a tax subtracts expense. Companies get on elevate point of debt if the tax charge is higher because Firms wants in their endeavor to enlarge cash flows and market value. Taxes Chance of defaulting enhances when the level of debt away from best possible point. When firm failure to pay loan than power of the firm will be transferred from shareholders to bondholders who will strive to recover their venture throughout the practice of bankruptcy. With financial distress company may incur two natures of bankruptcy costs. Direct and indirect costs direct cost comprise of administrative costs of bankruptcy practice. These costs will be lower proportion of the total cost when the firm size is large and vice versa with small size firm and may important variable in choosing the level of the debt. When investment policies of the company change which results in occurring of indirect costs. Firm can reduce the chance of bankruptcy with cutting down expenses on training, advertisement, research, and development etc. It also increases the customers reservations about companys offerings, which result in lower sales, market share, customer loyalty, and market share price et c. This entails that the prospective benefits from utilizing leverage are outlined by the latent costs of bankruptcy. Miller And Modigliani Theory Modigliani and Miller (1958) give you an idea about that the value of the firm does not change when any change occur in the capital structure. Firms build total cash flows for all investors are unchanged despite the consequences of capital structure. Altering the capital structure does not amend the total cash flows. Consequently the overall assets value provides ownership of these cash flows should not change. MM argue if worth of the firm depends on capital structure; which may be result in arbitrage opportunity in the perfect capital market. In addition, capital structure decision may be counteract when investors and firm can have access to at same rate. Despite the fact that MM theory is stands on numerous impractical assumptions, yet it presents the essentials theoretical background for further research. Agency Theory Jensen and Meckling (1976) discuss about the potential disagreement or relationship between companys executives and shareholders, according to theory managers do not have 100% interests in firm. Executives are the representatives of the shareholders and strive to assets away from bondholders to shareholders through captivating more loans and empowering in risky assets. Information Costs And Signaling Effects Capital structure can also be elucidate when disparity in information have available to stockholders and stranger regarding the investment opportunities and income allocation of the firm. This information parity may consequence in two separate results for capital structure, it is known as signaling with percentage of debt. Ross (1977) contributed that manager always familiar about the financial position of the company and its return allocation. When executives take debt decisions, it produce affirmative signal to stakeholders; about the financial position of the organizations and its ability to retire its debts and truthful allocation of return of the company. Managers always try to increase stakeholders or investors confidence, consequently with increasing equity value as result in also using significance amount in the capital structure. Pecking Order Theory Myers and Majluf (1984) state that shareholders always think executives employ confidential information when they offer risky securities and also overpriced. This observation guides under pricing of fresh equity offerings, this also may result in significance loss of present shareholders. For these reason organizations keep away from offering new projects through equity financing and use its internal funds if further financing is required they issue debt last option is equity financing. Factors Affect Capital Structure Decisions Capital structure decisions are very important for companies to make so there are certain factors which firms take in view when making capital structure decisions and they are: Sales stability: A firm takes this factor under consideration at the time of capital structure decisions. If compare two firms, one having stable sales and other having unstable sales, the firm whose sales is relatively stable can safely take on more debt and incur fixed charge in comparison to the company with unstable sales. For instance, the utilities companies use more financial leverage than industrial firms because they have stable sales Operating structure: This is another factor which is involved in making capital structure decisions. A firm having less operating leverage can imply financial leverage in better way as it will have less business risk. Assets structure: This factor may affect the capital structure decisions; there are two types of assets-general purpose assets and special purpose assets. The real state companies usually use general purpose assets as it makes good collateral. While the companies which are involves in technological research use special purpose assets, as they are not highly leveraged. Profitability: The factor of profitability also plays an important role in capital structure decisions; because the firms which get high rates of return on investment do not use high debt, but they use relatively little debt, as high rates of return on investment make them able to do financing with internally generated funds. Growth rate: This factor plays an important role in capital structure decision making. It has been observed that faster growing firms mostly rely on external capital as the flotation costs exceeds those incurred when selling debt this is the reason that rapidly growing firms rely more heavily on debt. It is also possible that the firms relying on external capital may often face greater uncertainty due to which those firms reduce their willingness to use debt. Control: there is great affect of control situation on capital structure decisions, because in such a situation when management has 50% voting control between the debt and equity. If the management is not in a position to buy or purchase any more stock, the other option for it is to use debt for new financing. But in the situation when the firms financial position is so week that the use of debt may be the cause of serious risk of default. In this situation the control considerations could lead to use either debt or equity. Taxes: As far as interest is concerned it is, no doubt a deductible expense which is much valuable to firms with high tax rates. It is therefore the firms use much debt because if firms tax rate is higher the advantage is also greater. Management attitudes: different management attitudes may bring different changes in capital structure decisions. Some managements are conservatives and others are aggressive these both managerial styles exercise accordingly to their own judgments and analytical approaches about the proper capital structure. If the management attitude is conservative it uses less debt, where is the management having aggressive approach uses more debt to get higher profits Lender and rating agency attitudes: A part from managers analysis of the factors lenders and rating agencies also plays an important role in financial structure decisions. The corporations give much importance to the lenders and rating agencies and make discussions with them about the capital structure and mostly act accordingly to their advice. Market conditions: Capital structure also depends on market conditions, a firms optimal capital structure or favorable capital structure depends on long-term and short-term changes. Low rated companies which are in need of capital either go for the stock market or to the short-term debt market without taking consideration of target capital structure. Financial flexibility: financial flexibility has also a bearing on capital structure decision. Affirm or company makes the decision according to its financial flexibility, if a company is financially good it can raise capital with either stock or bond. But; when its financial position is week the suppliers of capital make funds available, if that company gives them a secure position in shape of debt. Seeking all above thoughts in mind it can be said that the companies should maintain the financial flexibility or adequate reserve borrowing capacity because it depends on the factors which are necessary in making capital structure decisions. Firms internal conditions: this is also one of the factors which affect the capital structure decisions. If a firm succeeds in completing any project than the probability of higher returns increase in the near future. Due to such internal conditions a company would not issue stock because the new earnings are neither anticipated nor reflected in the stock prices. So in such condition the company or firm would give preference to finance with debt and till the higher earnings are materialized and or reflected in the stock prices. Statement Of The Problem Capital structure decision is very crucial and important for any organization in any sector or economy. It is always very much difficult for organizations to identify or gets the right combination of debt and equity (Capital Structure), which ultimately satisfies them or brings favorable and profitable results for the organizations. So; eventually this report mainly focusing on right combination of â€Å"Debt and Equity (Capital Structure) in the characteristic of Short-term Debt (SDA), Long-term Debt (LDA) and Total Debt (LA)† for any organization in Pakistan. In Pakistan modest research has done on such problem. It is important to work on such problem and come up with information, which gives some comfort level to investors and organizations to take correct financing decisions. Objective It is very important in Pakistani scenario to evaluate or investigate the impact or the influence of capital structure over the firm profitability. In this way the objective of this study is to investigate or evaluate the relationship among the rates of return of the listed non-financial firms on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE-100) index related to composition of the capital structure. More exclusively, this is based on the assertion that whether short-term debt divided by total capital (SDA), long-term debt divided by total capital (LDA), and Total debt divided by total capital (TD) has positive or negative relationship with profitability. Research Scope/Limitations The scope of study to analyze impact of capital structure on profitability, also promotes as an aim for future research. Few limitations fixed up in this study: This research would just cramp to secondary data. The admittance would restrict to public information, all organizations would not share information that would confidential in nature. This study would not get into the details concerning factors that lead to capital structure or the reasons due to which capital structure comes in different combinations. Thesis Structure The report is systematized as follows. Phase one (1) introduction of the thesis, which includes the statement of problem, scope and limitations objectives hypothesis etc, this phase, also contains the some of the theoretical perspective regarding the capital structure. In phase 2 we describe Methodology that is constitutes the data and we justify the choice of the variables used in our analysis sample, technique and also estimate model used in analysis. In phase 3 we presents and analysis the results which taken after the data processing. The phase 4 contains the results and conclusions and recommendations. Literature Review Pakistan has not yet got much development in the bond market; therefore, many firms of Pakistan give preference to equity or internal financing in comparison to debt, but one day when this negative relationship between profitability and leverage of the firm will be removed, the Pakistani firms will realize the importance of debt financing, because it is the debt financing which increases the value of the firm and the wealth of the share holders (Ilyas. 2000). Study conducted (Rafiq, et al., 2008); it has been observed that the chemical sector of Pakistan gives preference to equity over debt and large firms borrow more debt because they have no fear of bankruptcy whereas small firms are afraid of more debt because of the fear of bankruptcy. In chemical sector huge cash flows are needed, therefore, the chemical industry of Pakistan uses more debt than equity to finance the new projects because the internal sources are not enough for a new firm, therefore, it depends on the debt because the fixed direct costs of bankruptcy constitutes a smaller portion of the total value the firm. The other reason for which most of Pakistani firms prefer to equity or internal financing over debt is that the bankruptcy process is slow an ineffective in Pakistan due to which firms face no or low bankruptcy costs. Study conducted (Hijazi and Tariq, 2006); study reveals that as for as the firm size is concerned, the Static Tradeoff Theory suggests that if the firm size is bigger, more debt will be used, but in Pakistan, the case is in reverse, here, the firm size is negatively correlated with leverage and the bigger firm size use less debt which supports the Pecking Order Approach and rejects the Static Tradeoff approach. After the deep observation of Asset structure, it has been concluded that asset structure of Pakistani firms does not depend on their capital structure. As the large firms of Pakistan have no fear of bankruptcy and have less chances to fall into financial distress or in other words, they are strong enough to bear shocks, so they employ more debt in comparison to smaller firms which have fear of bankruptcy because large firms face lower bankruptcy costs, therefore, there is, in large firms, strong relationship between profitability and leverage. The profitability, in large Paki stani firms, supports the Pecking Order Theory which is measured by net profit before taxes divided by total assets. Research conducted by Abor (2005) supports or investigates the relationship between the capital structure and profitability of listed firms on GSE. Data taken for this between 1998/02, twenty-five listed firms qualified for this study. Regression analysis methodology used in the assessment of functions involving the return on equity (ROE) with measure of capital structure. Capital structure is the combination of debt and equity used in the firms operations. Capital structure is related to the marketing, because different firms issue different securities in many different combinations, which maximize the market value. The impact of capital structure on profitability had been accounted in a considerable number of studies weather experimental or theoretical perspectives. Capital structure decision is very important for any organization to get higher return and profits and meet with the competition, different combinations of capital structure available to organizations; they select one w hich eventually satisfies or maximizes the firms market value. Huge return and profitable firms always use more short-term debt, short term is important part of total debt, and usually firms use 85% of short-term loan against long-term debt. Long-term debt and return on equity have negative relationship; total debt and return on equity are positively related. Coleman (2007) conducted study to find out the impact of debt policy on the performance of microfinance firms. Findings of the study demonstrate positive relationship between debt and firms performance. Long-term debt has positive relationship with outreach but not significant where as; short-term debt exercise force on management to extend a MFIs outreach. Long-term debt helps management through the time, so that the pressure of refund decreased which ultimately; give management flexibility to improve their profitability or returns by manipulating their operations. In microfinance organizations the leverage is positively related with outreach stage; when the leverage increase which also result in the increase of outreach level; credit advance leads to higher premium. This premium further converted into companys profitability and income flow which can also be employed to examine the debt. Higher outreach lowers the cost of operation by enabling firms to enjoy the economies of scale. Size is insignificant variable and outreach is negatively affected by it. Long-term debt and short-term debt are insignificant basically describe that maturity may not essentially be of spirit with default charge employee as performance variable though; total debt ratio determine significant relationship between leverage and default rates. Microfinance organizations which want to improve firms profitability and want to retire its debt obligations management can achieve these results by reducing the annual default rates especially for largely leverage microfinance organizations. Default rate has negative relationship with the size of microfinance organizations; for the reason that firms make sure refund of loans advanced and also become aware for future transactions this all happens when firms expands their sizes. There is negative relationship between debt and default rate, greater mean variation result in lower default rate. Though management of the firms try to reduce default rate s with the higher mean deviation found in risk level. So ultimate findings of the study reveals that microfinance institutions in Ghana finance their operations through the long-term debt as compare to short-term financing and they tend to be highly leveraged. Microfinance organizations benefit from scale of economies, additional customers when they are significantly leveraged; and also understand and increase ability to deal with risk and other alternatives easily and importantly. Study conducted by (Chen et al., 2009) in insurance industry Taiwan, to know the relationship among capital structure, operational risk, and profitability. Factor analysis and path analysis methodologies used to examine correlation among the capital structure, operational risk, and profitability sample of listed insurance companies in America was also taken. Result of research was firms values is not related with capital structure, a close relationship shown among operational risk, profitability, capital structure. Capital structure is negatively related with profitability if equity ratio increases or reserve-to-liability ratio decreases which result in higher profits. Capital structure has negative relationship with operational risk, same relationship between the operational risk and firms profitability. Research conducted by Carpentier (2006) Quebec Canada. Objective of study was to investigate the changes in capital structure do not affect the firm value. The bivariate tests and multivariate regression analysis methodologies are used for this study. Sample size of 243 French firms has taken for this study during the time period 1987-96. If all other things equal, then capital structure dont define any changes in the value of business organizations. Investors take debt in the considerations in order to determine the stock prices. Cross-sectional relationship found between the value of firm and debt exists, many factors affect firm value in long run the debt-value relationship. The static trade-off theory posits that the firm value increase (decrease) as the financial structure moves closer to (away from) the target. French companies tend to use a higher proportion of total debt and a higher proportion of institutional debt (non spontaneous funds) than US companies. Study was conducted by (Groth Anderson, 1997). Study explains capital structure and investigates its influence on the cost of capital and the value of company. This study sketches practical concerning the choices and management of capital structure. A theoretical and practical understanding of these relationships will support the professional manager in his or her efforts to gather added value for shareholders and stakeholders. Firms value and its stock prices does not affected by capital structure, optimal way to finance the firm exists. Capital structure theory is of value even if the arrays of assumptions in the theory do not hold. If an economic variable changes for example: interest rates, recessions, and the price of bearing risk affect the management decision of capital structure. Capital structure offer prospect of enhancing value for shareholders, it also time reduction in cost of capital to the economy and the standard of living. Research conducted by Rocca (2007) Italy, main purpose of this research to scrutinize the relationship between capital structure and firm value. Capital structure represents a corporate governance device that can protect corporate governance competence and protect its ability to create value. Methodology or approach used for this study is theoretical approach that can contribute in clearing up the relationship between capital structure and corporate governance. Descriptive, model also used which provides a research proposition and some suggestions, which would be used for future empirical research and precise design given for empirical analysis. Finding of this study is that, relation between capital structure and a firms value needs to take directly into account the role of moderation and/or mediation of the corporate governance. It is also necessary that presence of complimentary between capital structure and corporate governance variables such as: managerial ownership; ownership c oncentration; role of board of directors, etc. Study conducted (Ebaid, 2009) study mainly focus on relationship between the different debt-equity combinations with companys performance. Multiple regression technique used to find out the impact of debt policy on companys performance. Enormous studies conducted on debt policy alternative on firms performance; among them majority of researches conducted in developed countries; just few studies performed in emerging countries or economies one of them is Egypt. The research mainly focus on the relationship between alternative debt policy with firms firms performance data taken from listed Egyptian companies; performance is measured through accounting-based perspective such as: Return on Assets, Gross Profit Margin, and Return on Equity generally known as (ROA, GPM, and ROE), capital structure is measured with short-term debt and long-term dent and total debt abbreviation as (STD, LTD and TTD). Findings of the study reveal that both (STD and TTD) are negatively related by ROA. Alternat ively capital structure including total debt (TTD) in not significantly related with Return on Equity and Gross profit margin (ROE and ROA). Results of the study suggest that the performance of the Egyptian listed companies in not controlled (weak-to-no influence) by capital structure alternatives. Though; particularly in emerging markets debt policy remains debatable and mystery. Further research might observe determinants of Egyptian firms capital structure such as growth, business risk size and also evaluated with developed economies. The impact of capital structure on Egyptian firms value as well necessitates analyzing empirically. Findings of the study reveal that ROA and firm performance negatively related. It can also be investigated the impact of the maturity structure on its performance and capital structure decisions. Firms performance can jointly be by both ownership structure and capital structure in further studies in listed Egyptian firms. Study conducted (Eriotis et al, 2007) to investigate the firm characteristics that affect debt-equity combination. Data has been taken from 129 Greek listed firms at Athens Stock Exchange five (5) years time have taken under observation from 1997-2001, it is the 63% of listed companies in 1996. Through diverse theories companys characteristics are investigated as determinants of capital structure. The firms which employed debt ratio of 50% or more are also categorized in this research with a dummy variable. Results of the research reveal that firms debt ratio is negatively related with its growth rate and also its interest coverage ratio and quick r

Management :: essays research papers

Level of planning paper In 2000, the Primeco Wireless submerged, and emerged as Verizon Wireless; the need for speed was gaining momentum. Verizon Wireless Online DSL, digital subscriber’s line, is the number one telecommunication industry appearing in the FORTUNE Magazine; it has listed as the most Admired Company. Hay Group Fortune Magazine. The founder of Verizon Company is Darby Checketts; he was a man with a vision. This fast speed company under the CEO, Chairman, leadership of Ivan Seidenberg, has grown into an internet king. There are over 208,000 employees at the Verizon Online DSL Wireless Company, with an upward of $13 billion dollars a year in technology, it has 2.7 million shareowners and services billions of customers in communities all over America and the World. At least a 100 million people are connected by Verizon network everyday, whether at home, at work or on the go. Women Warriors has discovered in their research the highlights, accomplishments, and opportunities of Verizon to improve their customers lives in six areas that make up Verizon approach to corporate responsibility:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ethic and Governance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Service and Innovation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Empowering Employees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promoting Community’s Growth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Protecting the Environment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Partnering with Communities Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths and weaknesses are essentially internal to the organization and relate to matters concerning resources, programs, and organization in key areas. Strengths & Weaknesses are internal to the business and Opportunities & Threats are external. Verizon Communications Inc is one of the world's leading providers of communications services. With a diverse work force of more than 208,000, Verizon has four business units. Domestic Telecom serves customers based in 29 states with wireline telecommunications services, including broadband, nationwide long-distance and other services. Verizon Wireless owns and operates the nation's most reliable wireless network, serving 42.1 million voice and data customers across the United States. Information Services operates directory-publishing businesses and provides electronic commerce services. International includes wire line and wireless operations and investments, primarily in the Americas and Europe. Strategic Planning Process Strategy is define as the continuous, iterative planning process, which focuses on Keeping an organization competitive in its environment (Miller & Dess, 1997). Strategic planning is complex, laborious, and time consuming. Accordingly, an organization must allocate resources and time to the strategic planning process. ( Strengths Verizon strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be use as a basis for a competitive advantage. Verizon business strategy is to archive a sustainable competitive advantage such as. Cost advantage Differentiation advantage Verizon is able to deliver the same benefits as the other communication companies, but a lower cost, (cost advantage) or deliver benefits that exceed the competing products (differentiation advantage). Management :: essays research papers Level of planning paper In 2000, the Primeco Wireless submerged, and emerged as Verizon Wireless; the need for speed was gaining momentum. Verizon Wireless Online DSL, digital subscriber’s line, is the number one telecommunication industry appearing in the FORTUNE Magazine; it has listed as the most Admired Company. Hay Group Fortune Magazine. The founder of Verizon Company is Darby Checketts; he was a man with a vision. This fast speed company under the CEO, Chairman, leadership of Ivan Seidenberg, has grown into an internet king. There are over 208,000 employees at the Verizon Online DSL Wireless Company, with an upward of $13 billion dollars a year in technology, it has 2.7 million shareowners and services billions of customers in communities all over America and the World. At least a 100 million people are connected by Verizon network everyday, whether at home, at work or on the go. Women Warriors has discovered in their research the highlights, accomplishments, and opportunities of Verizon to improve their customers lives in six areas that make up Verizon approach to corporate responsibility:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ethic and Governance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Service and Innovation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Empowering Employees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promoting Community’s Growth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Protecting the Environment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Partnering with Communities Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths and weaknesses are essentially internal to the organization and relate to matters concerning resources, programs, and organization in key areas. Strengths & Weaknesses are internal to the business and Opportunities & Threats are external. Verizon Communications Inc is one of the world's leading providers of communications services. With a diverse work force of more than 208,000, Verizon has four business units. Domestic Telecom serves customers based in 29 states with wireline telecommunications services, including broadband, nationwide long-distance and other services. Verizon Wireless owns and operates the nation's most reliable wireless network, serving 42.1 million voice and data customers across the United States. Information Services operates directory-publishing businesses and provides electronic commerce services. International includes wire line and wireless operations and investments, primarily in the Americas and Europe. Strategic Planning Process Strategy is define as the continuous, iterative planning process, which focuses on Keeping an organization competitive in its environment (Miller & Dess, 1997). Strategic planning is complex, laborious, and time consuming. Accordingly, an organization must allocate resources and time to the strategic planning process. ( Strengths Verizon strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be use as a basis for a competitive advantage. Verizon business strategy is to archive a sustainable competitive advantage such as. Cost advantage Differentiation advantage Verizon is able to deliver the same benefits as the other communication companies, but a lower cost, (cost advantage) or deliver benefits that exceed the competing products (differentiation advantage).

A report that reflects on Person Centred Therapy

I reflected on Person-centred Therapy (PCT) as the comparative model because of the conflict that exists between this and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). The conflict is historical, political and from personal experience. In therapy twenty years ago I became frustrated with my counsellor’s person-centred approach. I challenged my counsellor to provide me with more support and help. I therefore had preconceived ideas of PCT which may be similar to stereotypical thinking of these models. It was excessively warm, completely non-directive and only reflected back to the client, which I found frustrating.I understand now it was because my coping style was externalised and I had no control over external events, which suited a more direct counselling approach. So, how would this influence my practice as a counsellor? In theoretical terms and in observed practice I appreciated the benefits of PCT for its empathetic understanding and for clients who require a non-directive approach to gain emotional awareness. Presenting issues that can be helped by PTS are bereavement, drug and alcohol issues, depression, panic and anxiety, eating difficulties, self-harm, childhood sexual abuse (Tolan and Wilkins, 2012).I have used the model affectively for bereavement and sexual abuse as an offer of a direction would have been inappropriate and incongruent at the time. My preconceptions of CBT were solution focused, challenging and that low intensity based interventions ignore the client’s past. I feel competent in using certain behavioural intervention in my practice and challenge maladaptive thinking patterns in sessions. CBT is a medical model and although we have been taught the disadvantages to diagnoses, CBT is seen as the treatment of choice for many presenting problems due to the amount of empirical evidence available.These are anxiety disorders, panic, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD, bulimia and depression as identified by NICE (NICE, 2008, Acc essed online 27/06/201). This report reflects on the appropriate use of the models. Stereotypes have some element of truth, but at the same time, are not the truths. I wanted to understand the similarities and parallels while respecting the fact that, in practise, I use both models. I didn’t want to do a bit of each badly, but use a model in full at the appropriate time and understand my reason for doing so (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012).Both PCT and CBT are deeply rooted in the same philosophical underpinning of humanism, existentialism, and both are phenomenology particularly to the nature of suffering. However, there are differences in the understanding and interpretation of the philosophy. Both approaches view a person as continually seeking growth and self-actualisation. There are incompatible beliefs between the models. (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). PCT observes that seeking growth and self-actualisation is a way of being and in itself therapeutic.Rogers’ professed that there were six necessary conditions for therapeutic growth that alone were sufficient to lead to a fully functioning person. The individual is the own expert who can determine their own journey of their reality and can heal themselves with the core, being the relationship itself. The structure of the self includes self-concept and introjected beliefs. PCT communicates acceptance of the client’s own experience and encourages then to identify alternate choices. It is a continual journey of self-awareness and knowledge, with the drive always towards growth (Mearns & Thorne, 2012).CBT views growth and self-actualisation as a shared goal of therapy to be reached with a set of tools, to be implemented in therapy. CBT’s view comes from Ellis who defines a person as irrational and rational. In CBT terms ‘dysfunctional beliefs’ are similar to ‘introjected beliefs’ and led to distortion in the self-concept. The irrational cause’s distress a nd rational directs the individual to fully functioning. CBT primary belief is self distortion and the process of cognitive dissonance.Interventions such as the ABCDE framework are used to challenge and dispute irrational thinking and are aimed at increasing client’s self-awareness and self-understanding. CBT sees the relationship as more collaborative and facilitates new learning. An individual’s construct of reality is dimensional and irrationality stops the client from changing. Therefore, a person’s drive is not always towards growth (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). A similarity of both approaches is the understanding of self-worth and unconditional self-acceptance. The nature of suffering is seen the same. Humans are flawed, imperfect and we cause our own disturbance.Both see the client as the expert in the relationship. Authenticity is of great importance to both PCT and CBT as is the therapeutic relationship. It is the emphasis on the process of change, to b ecome oneself, where the differences in two models lie (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012). From a PCT perspective a client discovers some hidden aspect of them self that they weren’t aware of previously and moves towards a greater degree of acceptance of self by being prized by the therapist (unconditional positive regard), have a sense of realness (genuineness) and listen to them self (empathy).A client moves towards seeing new meaning. These changes are characteristic of therapeutic movement. The client moves along a continuum from rigid structure to flow which can be seen in the seven stages of therapeutic change. Rogers’ term was ‘organismic experiencing’ which was interpersonal in the therapeutic relationship through unconditional positive regard and intrapersonal within the client accepting a new experience into their awareness (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012). In PCT, the process of change there are different corrective experiences for a client.For me practising with a client group from a women’s refuge I use PCT and Rogers’ condition-of-worth. The incongruence between the self-concept and authentic self is evident due to the abuse. This creation of a false self is corrected with unconditional positive regard, empathy and genuineness. Process Theory is where, change in the experience of feelings and the recognition that the client is the creator of their own construct occurs. The therapeutic change has a developmental sequence.There is a change in the client’s manner of experiencing feelings and recognition of being the creator of their own constructs, accepting responsibility and in relating to others openly and freely. This is compatible with the condition of worth. A person moves with acceptance to a fully functioning person. The person’s overall ‘way of being’ is changed. Relating to a congruent therapist, the client learns to be open and congruent themselves (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012). Unblockin g or Focusing is where the self-correcting, self-healing process of the organism is blocked.The person can’t refer inwardly, focus on feelings or articulate meaning. They have a rigid self-concept. Empathic listening within the therapeutic relationship opens the issue to re-examination and unblocks the person self-healing process. There is an interaction between the feeling and the attention the client brings to create a new meaning. This is Gendlin’s felt sense, an unexpected feeling of flow. The client becomes an active self-healer who has been felt heard and understood (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012).In practice building ‘Meaning Bridges’ – new understanding which identifying introjects imposed by others who imposed external systems of value has been paramount because of the external pressure that have be imposed through a close relationship. Internal opposing voices can be accepted, examined and resolved through compromise and collaborative solution. Until now, I saw this as CBT but can now see this as PCT with Rogers’s necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic change all that is needed for the process of change and this change occurs without engaging in cognitive process, but in the moment (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012).I am able to draw personal parallels from watching Rogers’ session with Gloria. Gloria wanted an answer from Rogers. In the session she found it for herself, even though she actively interpreted that he had helped her to the decision; even though he hadn’t. She makes the decision of honesty for herself. Although non-directive, Rogers’s session had a focused, this was of self-healing and self-direction. Refuting the belief that the person-centred way is only to reflect back to the client. The warmth from the counsellor is also part of the process of condition of worth.This helps me challenge my preconceived ideas and understand what is happening in practice. In practise, I am awa re from a CBT perspective the therapeutic approach can teach clients new skills. The therapist is regarded as more of a coach. The client benefits from new skills and perspectives which facilitate the learning and have a sense of efficacy. I have used CBT to look at specific problem behaviours and conceptualise them as having cognitive, affective, behavioural and physiological elements each of which can have a legitimate target for intervention and can be check for validity (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012).The process of change occurs in practice as old ways are challenged through exposure exercise, behavioural experiments and cognitive restructuring techniques. Change occurs in the therapeutic setting or outside in a person everyday life. It may require repetition to produce a lasting effect and reduce maladapted patterns. This is where CBT and PCT are similar as this requires a strong therapeutic alliance, but CBT literature takes this as a given and may be a reason it is criticised. Cl ients are taught emotional regulation and basic functioning skills, such as problem-solving skills, breathing relaxation and active coping.Specific interventions are then used to motivate and foster the therapeutic relationship, such as cost benefit analysis, daily thought records, and in vivo exposure. Aligning client’s goals with interventions in a formulation develops the therapeutic alliance and collaborates with the client, with hypothesis-testing strategies used to undergo the process of change [Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). CBT is focused on corrective experiences and facilitates through interventions rather than challenging a client.It respects the importance of the therapeutic relationship and uses Rogers’ core conditions but does not see the conditions as sufficient. In-depth schema focused CBT takes the therapy to a deeper level and deals with past issues, than the low intensity offered by the NHS. Again my preconceptions are challenged for the benefit of my practice. I can see how the two models are not rivals, as Roger Casemore and Jeremy Tudway suggest in their book Person-centred Therapy and CBT, and that sibling as a metaphor works well (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012).For me, the therapeutic relationship and the advanced empathy required in PCT are important in my practise along with the core conditions in order to create change. Rogers’ believes interventions as wrong, from a philosophical point of view, as the client always having to lead the therapy. This is because Rogers sees a person as having limitless potential. For me, CBT in offering intervention and gentle coaching helps a client on their journey to self-healing and a seed can be planted and therapeutic change can happen outside the counselling session.I support the views not all humans have the same drive and there is an unconscious element to being rational or irrational. It is a more real idea and not as optimistic as Rogers. It is observation of this therapeutic change and this idea that supports the use of CBT in my practise (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). The BACP ethical framework has been written with Rogers’ core conditions in mind. Therefore, PCT offers the client and the therapist the need to fulfil the principles of self-care, of being trustworthy and providing autonomy.As to the personal moral qualities the PCT requires the therapist to have advanced empathy. CBT has been criticised for focusing too much on the intervention and not being of beneficence. In CBT extra competence in the implementation of the intervention is required, so the criticism of the technique becoming the therapy cannot be applied . In writing this report and in my practise, I feel the difference are enough not to combine the models, but that each model can go into the same toolkit and used separately in the same session with a client.With the collaborative element in mind and further reading I am interested in the approach by Mick Cooper and John McLeod. The pluralistic perspective which believes individual clients would â€Å"benefit from different therapeutic methods† used at â€Å"different points in time†. Therapist would â€Å"work collaboratively† with clients. â€Å"Help them identify what they want from therapy† and how this can be achieved. It leaves the question of the process of therapy integration in practice open for debate. (Cooper, and McLeod, 2010, Assessed Online26/06/13).

Both Antigone and Creon deserve our sympathy Essays

Both Antigone and Creon deserve our sympathy Essays Both Antigone and Creon deserve our sympathy Paper Both Antigone and Creon deserve our sympathy Paper and we feel much anguish and sorrow for her. Although for the most part Antigone is a character who is well deserving of the audiences pity, there are some instances in the play when we feel her behaviour is not acceptable. Antigone would certainly not have been considered a conventional character by Sophocless contemporaries. Her brave and fiery nature is a far cry from the submissive, docile temperament women were expected to have in ancient times. Her bold actions may have seemed like the right thing to do, but perhaps she was overstepping the mark. She did, after all, disobey Creons orders and consequently break the laws of state. For this reason, many would condemn Antigones rash impudence. When Antigone speaks with her sister Ismene, the audience feel once again that perhaps she is taking her violent passion too far. Ismene begs her to obey the law, even though she too loves her brother and would like to see him receive a proper burial. She is far more prudent than Antigone, and warns her: Remember we are women, were not born to contend with men. Then too, were underlings, ruled by much stronger hands, o we must submit in this, and things still worse. We can see that Ismene loves her sister dearly and wants to protect her from the terrible punishment which her crime will result in. However, instead of heeding her sisters words, or thanking her for her concern, Antigone turns on Ismene and speaks to her very harshly. She says: Id never welcome you in the labour, not with me. So do as you like-whatever suits you best. This hot-headed response makes Antigone a far less favourable character in the audiences eyes, particularly considering Ismenes genuine anxiety and care for her sister. Similarly, when Antigone says Ill hate you all the more for youre silence we feel her contempt is unreasonable and unmerited. Even when the crime has been discovered, Ismene remains faithful to her sister and implores Antigone to let her share the guilt and the consequence. This makes us all the more astonished at Antigones fierce reply: Who did the work? Let the dead and the god of death bear witness! I have no love for a friend who loves in words alone. When we consider that Ismene is totally innocent, and yet prepared to sacrifice her own life for her sister, Antigones abusive behaviour seems ruthless and unacceptable. We can find no sympathy for such malicious conduct and blind obstinacy. Like Antigone, another character who arouses a mixture of emotions within the audience is Creon. In some instances we feel empathy for him, and are in accordance with his actions, whilst in others we find his behaviour far from laudable. Despite her troubled past and unnatural parentage, Creon has promised Antigone in marriage to his own son, Haemon. This was a magnanimous decision on his part, particularly considering the disadvantage Oedipus female children would find themselves at in acquiring a husband. Indeed, Oedipus himself said that no man would ever want to marry them for the shame and disgrace he had brought upon their heads. Creon could have chosen any wife for Haemon, but instead, he took pity on Antigone, even though the union may have proven potentially scandalous in public opinion. Creon is a conscientious ruler, and at first he appears to be quite the noble and benevolent king. Deep down, he wants the best for Thebes. He will not tolerate traitors endangering his city state, and expresses such fine and patriotic sentiments in his opening speech: I could never stand by silent, watching destruction arch against our city, putting safety to rout, nor could I ever make that man a friend of mine who menaces our country. Creon is also fairly pious, which would have been approved of by the contemporary audience, and is something which even the modern audience can appreciate. He believed he was doing the gods a favour by punishing his nephew. When Polynices marched on Thebes with his army, he not only committed the crime of treason, but also that of sacrilege in burning the temples and holy places of the city. Creon found this intolerable and as such felt he was doing right by the gods in punishing Polynices. The audience can admire the more honourable characteristics of Creon, however misguided his actions may have been. He is a man of his word, and one who refuses to see laws broken. For this, the audience holds him in high esteem. During the play, Creon proves himself to be quite the tyrant, and the audience find him a far less appealing protagonist. However, at the end of the play, we feel more pity for him than we thought possible. After he has discovered the error of his ways, he rushes to Antigones vault to try and make amends, only to find her hanging from the roof of the cavern. Haemon is also there, and in his desperation and fury, he stabs himself, flinging his arms around Antigone in a final embrace. The loss of his only son must have been a tremendous blow for Creon as we can tell from his dialogue with the chorus leader and the messenger. He says: Oh my plans, my frantic heart, my son cut off so young! Ai, dead, lost to the world not through your stupidity, no , my own. It seems that Creon has learned his lesson too late, and all his repentance and sorrowful lamentations are in vain. When Creons wife, Eurydice, hears the news of her sons death, she too takes her own life, adding to Creons misery. Although he did bring about the destruction of his family, and has no one to blame but himself, we do feel immense pity for Creon. When he says: Oh god, the misery, anguish- I, Im churning with it, going under we sympathise with tremendous loss and utter desperation. He is no longer the great and formidable king, but a man broken by misery and anguish. Although we do feel sympathy for Creon in some instances in the play, for the most part he is a character to whom the audience do not take kindly. Like his predecessor Oedipus, he quickly changes from the admirable and generous ruler of Thebes, to the dominant, tyrannical king. This radical transformation occurs fairly on in the play, when the sentry announces that someone has buried the body and broken the laws of state. Creon swiftly turns his anger on the sentry, accusing him of having a hand in the matter and brutally threatening to string him up alive. Believing the sentry to have been bribed, he also threatens to have the immorality wrung out of him. This violent paranoia is reminiscent of the behaviour of Oedipus. Just as Oedipus did, Creon bombards Tiresias with an onslaught of threats and abuse, promising that he will pay the price. He ignores the good advice of the prophet, assuming he too has been bribed. Creon says: You and the whole breed of seers are mad for money and calls his prophecies a lie. His short temper and highly suspicious mind lessen our opinion of Creon. We cannot pity a man who refutes all the good advice given to him but blindly follows his own course of action. indeed, there is a point in the play where Creon says, as ruler of Thebes, the people must follow his orders whether they be right or whether they be wrong. This attitude is rather disconcerting, and the contemporary audience would probably have been extremely disturbed by Creons dictator-like behaviour. Creon also treats Antigone and her sister very harshly once he has discovered the truth. He has the nerve to call her a slave and subordinate, and even insults Ismene, who had no hand in the crime. He turns on her, saying: You! In my own house, you viper, slinking undetected, sucking my life-blood! . Such cruel words seem unnecessary and repellent. The way he talks to Antigone is perhaps even worse. He says: The stiffest stubborn wills fall the hardest; he toughest iron, tempered and strong in the white-hot fire, youll see it crack and shatter first of all. These threats seem ironic indeed, for who could be more stubborn and wilful than Creon himself? He seems to have absolutely no regard for the bonds of kinship, and treats his own niece as a mere criminal, and inferior. He even dares to change her punishment from stoning to being locked away and starved, making her death far slower and more painful. Again, our opinion of Creon is lowered by his unacceptable behaviour. When Haemon attempts to offer his father good counsel, again Creon spurns and insults him.. Haemon acts as a kind of mediator between the king and the people of Thebes. He knows that there will be public outrage on the death of Antigone, who is already being hailed as a heroine and martyr. However, despite the backing of the chorus leader, who agrees that Haemon is talking sense Creon fails to be moved by his son. In fact, an argument ensues, in which Creon calls Haemon you degenerate. We feel Creon is very foolish in ignoring his sons advice, particularly seen as Haemon acts as the voice of public opinion. The audience at this point have no sympathy for Creon and would gladly see him punished for his misdemeanours. When the chorus leader dares to suggest that the burial may have been a token act of the gods, Creon is furious. Although he believed himself to have been doing the gods a favour in punishing Polynices, in reality his actions were arrogant and egotistical. He has overstepped the mark in thinking he can act as an equal to the gods, who regard it as their duty to punish the perpetrators of sacrilege. Not only this, but in priding himself on being a man who abides by the laws of state, he has forgotten that he is breaking the unwritten laws of the gods. It was also the custom and tradition of Thebes to bury traitors outside of the city walls. In conclusion, I would say that both Antigone and Creon deserve our pity, however, not in equal amounts. Overall, I felt Antigone to be the more deserving character. Although at times she is capricious and hot tempered, it was her love for her family and a respect for the gods that drove her to carry out her crime. Creon, in contrast shows none of this love. He initially believes that money was the sole reason for the crime, never suspecting that it might have been committed for a different motive. He shows himself to be cold and heartless, turning on the members of his family and severing the bonds of kinship with ease.

Doves Campaign for Real Beauty Case Study Essays

Doves Campaign for Real Beauty Case Study Essays Doves Campaign for Real Beauty Case Study Essay Doves Campaign for Real Beauty Case Study Essay TABLE of CONTENTS TOPICPAGE Executive Summary1 Problem Statement2 Situation Analysis: Objectives and Goals, Background, Market and External Environment Analysis2 Situation Analysis: Competition Analysis3 Situation Analysis: S. W. O. T. Analysis4 Situation Analysis: Segmentation Analysis5 Situation Analysis: Consumer Analysis6 Key Success Factors and Uncertainties6 Analysis of Alternative Solutions7 Recommendations9 Action Plan and Contingency Plan10 Bibliography11 Executive Summary Kerstin Dunleavy needs to determine how to maintain the Dove brand’s momentum. The key objectives and goals of the Dove product line is to increase market share, develop a strong marketing campaign, retain functional strengths of the brand, maintain the image of the â€Å"Real Beauty† campaign, and staying ahead of competition. Due to the highly competitive industry, marketing communication is critical to ensure campaign momentum. Kerstin must decide how to keep the drive of the initial campaign going. This will be achieved by introducing a new campaign. Through the use of internet, billboards, and media advertising, sincere communication will be achieved by the use of the concept copy thrust. An analysis of how communication messages will reach target market, what the message should communicate, public relation tactics, and sales promotion will take place in order to ensure the objectives and goals of the second phase of the Dove campaign is successful. Case Study: Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty Problem Statement: Unilever’s Dove beauty product has proven successful of its relaunch and repositioning strategy. Despite this success, Kerstin Dunleavy needs to determine how to maintain the brand’s momentum while staying ahead of the competition and continuing to redefine beauty by maintaining a sense of integrity in society. Kerstin Dunleavy is required to use different advertising, publicity and sales promotion strategies in order to continue onto phase two of the Dove relaunch campaign. Situation Analysis: Objectives and Goals: Initially, Unilever’s objectives and goals of rebranding Dove’s image were to increase market share, develop a strong marketing campaign and retain the functional strengths of the brand. Because of the success from the societal marketing techniques in Dove’s initial campaign, these objectives have expanded to include maintaining the image of â€Å"Real Beauty†, staying ahead of competition and improving communication about Dove’s products in order to increase the sincerity of their advertisements. Background Analysis: Unilever was one of the largest consumer products companies in the world. The company had modified its branding policies in recent years. These modifications have emphasized brand names and a new public image. Unilever have four product lines that are organized into Cooking and eating, Beauty and Style, Healthy Living and Around the House. The Beauty and Style product line had developed Dove in the United States as a non-irritating skin cleaner. An independent study found Dove to be milder than 17 leading soaps and eventually they expanded its product line to included body wash, facial cleansers, moisturizers, deodorants and hair care products. Revenues from this product line reached $3 billion in 2005. Market and External Environmental Analysis: The beauty industry is highly competitive, with well-supported brands, big advertising budgets and a high degree of product similarity. Because of these factors, marketing and communications are crucial to Dove’s success. The development of a strong ethical position has catapulted Dove into a socially sound campaign. In the beauty industry, there is a misconstrued social image of what beauty is all about. This image has had negative effects on women all over the world. Low self-esteem, narrow definition of beauty, and obesity has been the result of advertising campaigns by beauty product companies. The Dove Research Study provided an opportunity for Dunleavy’s team to recreate the beauty image. This recreation has proven to increase Dove’s social responsibility to help women feel good about themselves again. Dove had developed self-confidence work shops for women and girls, which are in line with its objective of maintaining the â€Å"Real Beauty† image. Using women from different ethnic background is also a good strategy for Dove to continue. This strategy welcomes international women differences and Dunleavy’s team gained a competitive advantage by using women of all shapes, sizes and color. Dunleavy’s team used technology in innovative ways to launch the website campaignforrealbeauty. com, online vote casting, chat rooms, electronic billboards and mobile marketing events. The use of technology to market is becoming increasingly popular and Dunleavy should continue to be cutting edge in this category. The website chat rooms will give light to what women want in products and it will also develop a database to help accessing the target market preferred with mass advertising. Since the Unilever Company sells its products internationally, Dunleavy must be aware of many countries advertising legal requirements. This could pose a challenge from the Western Advertising campaign and the Eastern Advertising campaigns. The Internet campaigns with the new Canadian privacy laws may also have different legal restraints that will need to be carefully researched. For example, some chat forums and personal information may need to be protected. The beauty industry has continued to grow. In fact, even in a recession, the beauty industry has flourished and has not been impacted by a decline. With the advances of new technology and ew product awareness, the beauty product industry has been able to deliver products to its customers at reasonable prices. Competition Analysis: Because the beauty industry is highly competitive with similar products, competitors have turned their advertising emphasis from product-related variables to consumer-related variables. This means appealing to the consumer’s emotional psyche and situational influence has become increasingly important. Dove has stepped out of the box and went against its competitors in order to separate themselves and gain a competitive advantage in order to appeal to these emotional psyches. S. W. O. T Analysis: Strengths:  ·Established in 1957, Dove was found to be milder than 17 leading bars of soap.  ·Unilever is one of the largest consumer product companies in the world.  ·The Dove product is a pioneer of its type of product.  ·Unilever has devoted a big advertising budget to rebrand the Dove line and its product image.  ·The first phase of the relaunch of the brand has proven successful.  ·Unilever has quality products and is well positioned.  ·Dove was the first company to redefine the image of beauty; this gives them the competitive advantage. They are now seen as an industry expert with top-quality brands.  ·The creation of the Self-Esteem fund was established and other Not for Profit groups have flourished and women and girls are feeling better about themselves. Weaknesses:  ·Similar product qualities as competitor’s products.  ·Because Dove was the first to redefine beauty, all eyes are on them as a new industry leader.  ·Highly competitive pricing; therefore, leads to small profit margins Opportunities:  ·Redefining Beauty allowed the Dove campaign to distinguish themselves as a quality product and socially responsible company. The new image of what women perceive beauty to be is an opportunity for Dove to develop a strong ethical position and realign ethical and social strategies with their products.  ·Since the campaign, sales have continued to rise, but high product saturation suggests that the industry is in its maturity stage.  ·Technology has allowed the Dove Campaign to reach women internati onally.  ·Free Media coverage by means of journalists, TV shows (Oprah), high profiled debates, and open forums have given Dove free press on their products and their public image. Threats  ·Highly competitive environment. The relaunch campaign could fizzle away and competitors could imitate Dunleavy’s campaign.  ·Since there is a lot of free media coverage, Dove is unable to control this coverage and some negative publicity could be reflected on them. Segmentation Analysis: Segmentation Chart for Dove Beauty Products SegmentYoung WomenMid Aged WomenPrime Time Women Qualifying Dimensions Who? Girls and Women Age16 to 29Women Age 30-39Women Age 40 and older What? Moisturizing creams, tanning enhancer creams, acne creams, cleansers, SPF ProductsMoisturizing creams, cleaners, SPF productsPro-Age wrinkle creams, cleansers, Oils Why? Used to treat different skin problems at different stages of life. Reduce the acne and moisturizeUsed to treat different skin problems at different stages of life. Example reduce the appearance of the start of fine lines and wrinklesUsed to treat different skin problems at different stages of life. Example reduce appearance of wrinkles TrendsGrowingGrowingGrowing Determining dimensions Benefits soughtTo promote a habit of proper cleaning patterns and applying sunscreenTo promote a habit of applying sunscreen and how to prevent early appearance of wrinklesTo reduce the appearance of wrinkles and to properly moisturize Consumer Analysis: Dunleavy’s first phase of the campaign targeted 30 to 39 year old women. This target market is selected because these women have not yet tried skin-firming products. The broader segment is any woman who uses creams, soaps and lotions. In order to convey its message effectively to its target audience, the Dove Research Study revealed that all women want to be beautiful, but was feeling pressure from beauty product advertising to convey to an unrealistic image of beauty. Unilever used this research and insight to have women look at themselves and open a dialogue on what beauty is. Due to this newfound beauty image, consumers have reacted to the Dove product line by switching from competitor’s products. Consumers are becoming loyal and consumer retention is high. This increase in market share gives Dove an opportunity to retain this specific target market in the future. If consumer retention is achieved, then a new target market could be established for women 40 and older. At this age women would start to see the effects of aging and creams geared specifically to this new stage of life could be promoted. See Exhibit 1 for additional information. Key Success Factors and Uncertainties Key Success Factors. The main factors, which are vital to the success of the continued momentum of Dove’s campaign, need to include a sense of integrity in its repositioning strategy, and to complete a value-driven marketing communication strategy, in order to increase the sincerity of their advertisements. Maintaining the image as the â€Å"industry expert† and â€Å"top-quality† brand is also a key success factor. Key Uncertainties. The biggest uncertainty with the phase two of the relaunch of the Dove Campaign is how the competition will react to the campaign and if they follow suit, what Dove can do to stay a step ahead. Analysis of Alternatives Screening Criteria: Three decision criteria will be applied to each of the suggested alternatives to select the best fit for Dunleavy’s phase two of the relaunch campaign. Those criteria are:  ·the alternatives ability to market effectively to the desired target market.  ·the alternatives ability to effectively convey the sense of integrity and positive attributes of what â€Å"Real Beauty† should portray  ·the alternatives ability to remain an industry expert and product quality image Alternatives: Alternative #1 – Develop and present a strong presentation to continue the â€Å"Real Beauty† campaign Pros:  ·Presentation will convey the positive aspects of the current campaign by highlighting key factors of success. The campaign would continue to be used as a promotional tool, which focuses on the ability to reach a mass target market.  ·A strong social and ethical presence is created and brand loyalty and longevity is established. Cons:  ·Since the campaign has proven to be such a success, competitors may follow suite with a similar campaign and Dove may find themselves blending with them. This alternative is considered to be a viable alternative as it meets all of the decision criteria; however since competition is fierce in this industry, it is likely Dove’s competitors will follow suit and Dove would then lose their competitive advantage. Alternative #2 Develop and present a strong presentation to introduce a new campaign, with the continued use of internet, billboards and media advertising. Special attention will be given to the concept of copy thrust, in order to improve the sincerity and communication that is desired with the Dove products. Pros:  ·Presentation will introduce a new campaign, but focus on key objectives and goals sought by Unilever.  ·Keep ahead of the competition by being unpredictable in its marketing campaigns and also by being an industry leader.  ·Campaign could be directed at a new target market, which would increase market share  ·New campaign can use already established media and technology to promote its products and connect with its target market. Cons:  ·A new advertising campaign can be costly. There is a risk that the new campaign will not be successful and will be over shadowed by phase one of the â€Å"Real Beauty† campaign, that is, high expectations to live up too. This alternative is considered to be a viable alternative as it meets all of the decision criteria, it is considered to be a stronger alternative than alternative #1 because it allows Dove to remain an industry expert and stay a step ahead of its competitors. It also allows Dove to control the communication me ssages to its target customers. Evaluation of alternatives. Alternative 1 satisfies some of the evaluation criteria, by continuing to provide good branding image. It will also continue to enforce the new idea of the â€Å"Real Beauty† image. Alternative 2 is the best option, as it will allow Dove to step ahead and create a new target market. Because of the success of the first campaign, Dove is in the public eye and how messages are reaching the target audience is crucial to keeping the momentum alive. Analysis of Alternatives Decision Matrix To determine the best alternative a weighted decision matrix and rating scale is used. For rating the alternatives, 1 is a low rating and 5 is a high rating. Alternatives Evaluation criteriaWeight12 #1-Market effective the desired target market25%34 #2-Convey a sense of integrity25%34 #3–Retain strength of the Dove brand25%44 #4-Ability to remain an industry expert25%35 Weighted Total 100%. 751. 25 Alternative 2 offers the greatest match to the evaluation criteria as it received the highest weighted total in the decision matrix. Recommendation: While both of the alternatives meet the decision criteria and are considered viable alternatives, a choice between the alternatives should be made based on their order of effectiveness from the decision grid. Alternative two offers an introduction to a new target market, improved communication strategies and maintenance of the â€Å"top brand quality† and â€Å"industry expert† image. Dunleavy needs to follow specific advertising, publicity and sales promotion strategies to ensure the new campaign continues the required momentum that Unilever is looking for. The following action plan will explain how to achieve these desired objectives and goals. Action Plan: Short Term (0-6 months): Analysis of the how the communication messages will reach the target market. Dove’s promotion method should be to communicate brand and product information to its potential target market and influence their behaviour and attitudes. Dove has accomplished this successfully by means of mass selling. This method should be continued in the new campaign as it has the ability to reach a large audience at the same time, which proves to be cost effective. The new campaign should focus on institutional advertising, that is, continue to promote the company’s image and reputation. Since Dove is at the maturity stage and brand insistence is increasing, Dunleavy should promote the new product by reminder advertising. Since the new market of women over 40 is being targeted, the Dove Pro-Age product line should be the main product promoted. The development of new billboards, a new product website, and advertising campaigns are communication tools that need to occur. Analysis of copy thrust, that is, what the message should communicate. Dunleavy needs to listen to the research and use the AIDA model to help guide what messages should be on the Billboards, new website and advertisements. Attention – Continue to use real women in advertising and billboards. Holding Interest – the use of women over 40 is a must and their experiences and attitudes must be portrayed in order to set the tone of the ads desired. Arousing Desire – the desire to stay looking young, yet embracing age will be a key requirement in the ads as well. Obtaining Action – is the desired end result that the Dove product is looking for. By using direct-response ads to encourage consumers to research or encouraging Pro-Age instead of Anti-Age may be a technique to spark buying behaviour and it will keep in line with the original â€Å"real beauty† image. Increase Public Relations Continue to work with media to generate positive publicity of growing old gracefully and embracing the prime time stage of life. This type of advertising strategy has work well for dove in the past and it has many benefits. For example, it is free; highly credible with consumers, uninvasive, and the audience is more attentive. Dove will need to ensure the copy thrust of publicity is what it is intending to say. The one draw back of free publicity is that Dove will not be able to totally control what is said; however, they can steer the media into the right direction. Since the current image of Dove associated with media is favorable, this should be a relatively easy task. Sales Promotion A sales promotion should be used to generate and stimulate the new target market. This can be done by customers going onto the new product website, to access free products or coupons. Sales promotion will only last for a short time, but may entice customers to switch from a competitors brand, or try a new product. Longer Term: Once the communication strategies are in place, Dove should continue to support its Not for Profit groups and foundations. By showing this continued support, Dove is showing how committed they are to ensuring confidence in woman is important to them. This will increase brand insistence, consumer loyalty, and company image. Monitoring website traffic, forums, and comments should also continue. This will give Dove insight to creating new products, and learn the new trends in marketing. Contingency Plan: If the new campaign does not flourish the â€Å"Real Beauty† Campaign should continue and new ideas should be generated in order to stay ahead of competition. Dunleavy needs to be consistent in her communications to the public and each message should be carefully analyzed in order to portray the proper image. Bibliography 1. Perreault, William. , McCarthy, Jerome. , Meredith, Lindsay. , Ricker, Lynne. , (2007). Basic Marketing A Global-Managerial Approach 12th Edition. 2. Web site www. doveproage. com 3. Web site www. campaignforrealbeauty. com

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SDiverse learners as challenges and opportunities Research Paper

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