Nutritional Value of Menu Items At a Local Fast-Food Restaurant

In my pursuit to investigating the balancing the qualities of healthy choices of fast food restaurants were a challenging venture. During a recent visit to McDonalds, I ordered a healthy menu and then selected a very unhealthy menu. My choices included for the healthy choice a rice shrimp burger, side salad, vanilla reduced fat ice cream cone, and Dasani water.   In my selection of an unhealthy selection I chose a Big Mac, large fries, Mcfurry with Oreo cookies, and a large coca-cola drink. The assessment of my analysis provided an interesting result to the pursuit of a nutritional value meal. In my selection of my healthy selection, I discovered that McDonalds provided an easier approach to being able to select a more nutritional food selection compared to other fast food restaurants (McDonalds, 2008). The healthy selection calorie intake was less than 500 which on a world platform is a great attribute for McDonalds to develop and incorporate an excellent healthy meal. The healthy selection was tasty and fulfilling that was surprising for a fast food restaurant. However, the ingredients were not sacrificed in order to make the healthy food selection with low calories which was a good marketing decision at McDonalds. The unhealthy selection posed a greater challenge due to the higher calorie but the taste was slightly more fulfilling with a huge guilt after taste due to the 1,000 calorie meal. The difference was the feeling of self indulgence to an extreme that was both satisfying and somewhat uncomfortable. However, those feelings did not prevent the challenging temptation to stop eating the unhealthy menu selection. In the future, the fast food restaurants could create a marketing angle that ignites a strong sense of identification and acceptance depending on the social environment. For instance, on the healthy choice a marketing plan that provides an emphasis on a surprising taste of trying something new, rather than the ordinary. The imagery of the marketing ad or commercial should present a creative and alluring concept in order to entice the viewer to indulge in a new experience by making a more nutritional choice. In regards, to the marketing angle for the unhealthy selection the marketing angle can focus showcasing a back drop of self-indulgency that goes along with the sensation eating the item. In doing so, the viewer can relate the two and make a concise choice to select the unhealthy item over the healthy one. The key is the effective translation of marketing the extreme in either selection that relates to the selection – that encourages participating in enjoying the menu item. References McDonalds Inc. (2008) Official International Website. Retrieved from http://www.mcdonalds.com            

Female Stereotypes in the Media Essay

Persons with Disabilities Media Portrayals of Girls and Women: Introduction We all know the stereotypes—the femme fatale, the supermom, the sex kitten, the nasty corporate climber. Whatever the role, television, film and popular magazines are full of images of women and girls who are typically white, desperately thin, and made up to the hilt—even after slaying a gang of vampires or dressing down a Greek legion. Many would agree that some strides have been made in how the media portray women in film, television and magazines, and that the last 20 years has also seen a growth in the presence and influence of women in media behind the scenes. Nevertheless, female stereotypes continue to thrive in the media we consume every day. This section of the site provides a snapshot of the issues around the media’s portrayal of women and girls—from effects on body image and self-identity to ramifications in sports and politics. It looks at the economic interests behind the objectification and eroticization of females by the media as well as efforts to counter negative stereotyping. And it provides the latest articles and studies that explore the ways in which media both limit and empower women and girls in society. Media Portrayals of Men and Masculinity: Introduction â€Å"When I was born, they looked at me and said: ‘What a good boy, what a smart boy, what a strong boy! ‘ And when you were born, they looked at you and said:’What a good girl, what a smart girl, what a pretty girl! ‘† â€Å"What A Good Boy,† The Barenaked Ladies For several decades now, media critics and feminists alike have been examining the role of the media in creating and reinforcing stereotypical representations of women and femininity. But only recently have they expanded the research to consider how the media also construct, inform and reinforce prevalent ideas about men and masculinity. This section addresses the representation of men and masculinity in the media. It covers topics such as media stereotypes, the prevalence of male characters in TV and film, and male authority in media news coverage; and it addresses the role that the media play in shaping attitudes about masculinity. The section also provides links to articles and reports on these topics. Media Portrayals of Gays and Lesbians: Introduction Media educators Larry Gross and George Gerbner argue that the media participate in the â€Å"symbolic annihilation† of gays and lesbians by negatively stereotyping them (often consigning them  to the margins of entertainment media, playing either â€Å"colourful† and â€Å"flamboyant† characters or dangerous psychopaths), by rarely portraying them realistically, or by not portraying them at all. Gross and Gerbner argue that the commercial structure of the mass media limits the opportunity for representing diverse characters. Too often networks and film companies shy away from portraying gays and lesbians for fear of alienating or offending advertisers, investors, and audiences. This section addresses the portrayal of gays and lesbians in news, advertising and entertainment media. It also examines homophobia in the media, and provides examples of gay-positive media. Media on Women – Images and Influences It’s no secret that women compare themselves to the female images they see portrayed on television, film, and advertising. At both the conscious and subconscious level, these media images of women lower self-esteem and affect behavior at every age and stage of life. We know they’re unrealistic, yet they exert pressure on women to conform, and influence how we live, love, work and play. Oprah Winfrey – Talk Show Host Oprah Changed Face of Television Before Oprah, you had to look a certain way to be on TV. As a pop culture icon and media pioneer, talk show host Oprah has changed the face of television, and women (and men) love her for it.

BrandAnalysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BrandAnalysis - Essay Example Brand Promise The promise that Starbucks makes is that the customer will get perfect coffee every single time, just the way the customer wants it. Starbucks maintains its own coffee bean farms to make sure the beans will be exactly as required for the coffee products that Starbucks makes for its customers. This means that coffee made around the world in different Starbuck stores, also caters to the local population and culture and, therefore, builds its coffee drinks to suit the customers, but still not deviate from Starbucks core values. As an example, Starbucks put out a notice about the new espresso promise in Dubai, U.A.E. that each cup of coffee will be perfect. Additionally, Starbucks also launched the Starbucks ® Blonde Roast which is comprised of the world’s best Arabica beans to provide a lighter coffee that still provides the best of Starbucks’ coffees but with a more mellow taste (Starbucks Newsroom, 2012). Brand Personality The Starbucks brand personality is one projecting a place where you can purchase your coffee and then sit down in the store, relax, chat with friends, while drinking your coffee and maybe have breakfast or lunch at the same time. All Starbucks stores promise to provide clean, and restful stores with plenty of sitting room, should customers need it. Starbucks projects an image of a business, run by people who care about your needs and desires, and will work to see that you get what you want. The idea is to give customers a place away from home to relax, but feel just as comfortable as if they were still home, short of being still in one’s pajamas. Brand Values The value the Starbucks Corporation promotes is that it builds on its values and that it is important to do the right thing. Starbucks is heavily invested in the communities where the stores across the world are located. This year, two stores, one in Los Angeles, California and one in Harlem, New York, will see profits put back into its community for d evelopment purposes. Additionally, Starbucks, rather than sending jobs overseas, will open a new roasting facility for its VIA instant coffee product, creating nearly 200 new jobs in Augusta, Georgia. CEO Howard Schultz also has created the ‘Jobs Initiative Program’ which already has raised millions of dollars from 600,000+ customers that will go to a network of loan sources for small businesses. Plenty of similar actions have also taken place around the world, creating a persona of goodwill ambassador for the American people (Gray, 2012). Brand Attributes Starbucks brand attributes are reflected through the different types of coffee drinks created for its diverse consumer base. Additionally, store baristas are trained to provide information on all aspects of the coffee beans used in any coffee drinks and know how to make every drink currently on the menu. Other attributes also include the customer service involved, such as the Starbucks Rewards Card, which records the drinks purchased over time and after about 10 to 15 drinks, customers can get a free drink or are allowed extra creams and other ingredients. With the Starbucks Card, the company is also able to keep in constant contact with customers through surveys and advertising promotions. It’s main attribute is showing the customers that Starbucks cares and wants to know everything possible about how to please the customer.

Middle school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Middle school - Essay Example According to Staff (2007), middle school students between the age of twelve and fifteen are driven by peer pressure to engage in sexual activities. Though there has been concerns about the safety of these middle school students in terms of the side effects of birth control measures (Staff, 2007), it is worth noting that the benefits of providing birth control among school going teenagers far outweigh the drawbacks. Therefore, contraceptives should be made available to school going teenagers particularly in schools. This paper presents an argument in support of provision of contraceptives to middle school teens. One of the reasons in support of provision of contraceptives to middle school teens relates to education. Welsh (2012) posits that "Half of girls who had children before age eighteen graduate from high school and less than two percent earn a college degree by the time they are thirty". In other words, teenage pregnancy denies them a right to education. In essence, this is attributed to the challenges associated with pregnancies particularly health issues. In addition, the pregnant teen has to drop out of school in order to take care of the child. Access to contraceptives can thus help prevent unplanned pregnancies among middle school students and consequently elevate their chances of completing their education and a better future. The case of T.C. Williams school for instance presents an illustration of the benefits of contraceptives to middle school teens. Before the clinic was moved to the school, a total of fifty pregnancies were reported within a year. In the first year of the c linics relocation to the school, the number of reported teen pregnancies dropped to thirty five and twenty in the second year (Welsh, 2012). As noted by Welsh (2012), individuals who argue against issuance of contraceptives to middle school girls argue that the practice would encourage more teenagers to engage in dangerous sexual activities.

English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

English Literature - Essay Example Moreover, most of these items are military artifacts, and during this time in history, Mercia was expanding through battle into the neighboring kingdoms. The Hoard Staffordshire Hoard is an assembly of artifacts that are mostly gold and silver metalwork. Most of these items have been identified with military. There are, therefore, no domestic-related objects such as eating utensils, vessels, and feminine jewelry. There are specialized words that are important in understanding the artifacts. One of these words is archaeology. This is a term that is used to refer to the scientific study of humanity. It is primarily concerned with environmental data, material culture, and analysis (Keynes 350). Archaeologist is another important word in this aspect. It refers to a person who studies people’s behavior in the past and the things left behind. Anthropology as a specialized word in understanding artifacts refers to the study of people’s past and present in the attempt to understand the complexity of cultures across the human history. A fourth specialized word is hoard, which, in archaeology, refers to a gathering of artifacts o r valuable objects, sometimes buried in the ground. The exhibitions in this hoard are arranged in a way that more than forty star items, including the Biblical inscription, pectoral cross, and the seahorse are set to display. In my opinion, this arrangement is made to give the visitor a summary of the items in the hoard in a single look. To me as a visitor, I found this arrangement interesting to look, since I was able to see all the artifacts within the hoard. There are different items that were used in the past, with different social functions. For instance, the Biblical inscription evidences that, religion was a cultural factor in the past. Moreover, the presence of war tools shows that the society fought as a way of defending itself. A Gold Pommel is one of the objects found in the Anglo-Saxon hoard. The pommel was either of

How Intel Utilizes Technology to Encourage Innovation Assignment

How Intel Utilizes Technology to Encourage Innovation - Assignment Example The industry that the company operates requires much innovation in order to have a competitive advantage over competitors. Intel has realized the importance of innovation and has decided to invest in its employees in matters technology. The company consults its employees and gives them training when a technology is introduced in the market. The employees use the new technology to make their work easier and come up with new ways to tackle emerging issues. In order to support the innovation initiative, Intel uses innovation champions from its departments throughout IT. The management appoints some employees who work as a group to track systemic innovation. The company encourages its employees as they foster innovation throughout IT and offering new ways to solve business problems. Intel has an innovation engine that allows it to gather ideas and issues that need innovative answers from its employees. Every employee has free access to the Internet and Smartphones to keep them up-to-date with what is happening around the world. The company encourages its employees to subscribe to latest apps that can help them have solutions to some of the challenges.

Artical Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Artical Analysis - Assignment Example of financial statement, as well as changes that affects the financial statement and several other significant matters like uncertainties, estimates and management judgments. The PCAOB believes in the fact that communicating these matters with the investors will help in reducing the uncertainties and doubts, as the management of the company has more important information than any of the third party. The new audit report suggested by PCAOB maintained the authenticity of the old report by retaining its basic elements. However it focused on providing its users with much more information about the audit as well as the auditor. The PCAOB was confident that if the proposed changes are accepted by the organizations, then it will certainly increase the disclosure of the information of the auditor that would be beyond the traditional pass/fail auditing approach. It is presented in the article that if the proposed changes are accepted then they will certainly affect the responsibilities of the auditors, as well as the expectations of the clients, creditors and investors. I certainly agree with the opinion of the writer as the changes proposed by the PCAOB will make the report more relevant to the investor as they will have more significant information present in the report. The investors and other users of the financial report will not have to take the help of a third part to extract important information about the company, as the relevant information will already be mentioned by the company in the report. Another advantage of the amendments made in the traditional report is that it will present to the investor the value and strengths of the audit leading towards better public awareness. The article states that the changes will certainly help the organization to get close to their investors and other users of the financial statement, which I believe is true. This is because the major goal of the standards and the amendments proposed by PCAOB is to improve the existing

Politics in Everyday Life Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politics in Everyday Life - Case Study Example Every decision that is made should, therefore, be centered on their decisions so that a fair judgment can be given. The real law comes from the will of the people. This is based on democracy and social compact. How much influence should interest groups play in your decision making? Interest groups is one of he factors as they are all citizens of the town. They should not be put in a position where they can directly influence the decision. This is because; they are an interested party that could give a suggestion to favor them (Roskin, 2006). How do you respond to those that support the project/against the project and donated to your campaign? Having people supporting the project with the knowledge of the reasons of why they support, it is very essential. They could be supporting it for personal gain or to avoid responsibilities. Those not supporting the idea, on the other hand, could be those that are oppressed by the suggestion. The only solution to these two parties is listening to all their suggestions. Making a point of dealing with the situation in a manner that will not be oppressive could also be an important gesture. What role should lobbyists play? In this case, a lobbyist will come in handy in advising the city dwellers (Roskin, 2006). They are the people that are in a position to influence the final decision made by the authorities.

Contemporary Moral Problems of Nanotechnologies Essay - 1

Contemporary Moral Problems of Nanotechnologies - Essay Example As a result, the technology is rife with risks and corresponding hazards. The field entails numerous unanticipated effects that could be disastrous not just for people and the environment but for the technology itself as uncertainty impacts development and its regulation. Unit II outlined the conceptual apparatus that is designed to explain and address this challenge. The first component was risk. As has been explained, much of nanotechnology is still within the area of speculation and that the risks are nothing different. These risks, which are seen to impact the environment and human health especially, were classified first by the authors into four: unwanted event that may or may not occur; the cause of an event that may or may not occur; the probability of an unwanted event which may or may not occur; and, the expected outcome of unwanted events. (Alhoff, Lin & Moore 2010, p. 74) Clearly, all the classified risks are not clearly identified especially the first two as they both are qualitative in nature. The unwanted event as cited is quite ambiguous because there is an uncertainty as to its occurrence. It may or may not happen. There is a clear sense of unknowing, which, in itself, constitutes a great part of the risks already. After the risks, the precautionary principles were outlined. The fundamental issue in this respect is the fact that there are numerous suggestions being put forward and, worse, no consensus with regards to how to prevent risks. The UNESCO’s position, however, was given due importance, which states that â€Å"when human activities may lead to morally unacceptable harm that is scientifically plausible but uncertain, actions shall be taken to avoid or diminish that harm.† (Alhoff & Lin 2008, p. 80) Regulation, however, claimed some semblance of common ground in the debate. Unit II was clear on the fact that regulations on nanotechnology vary across the world that is why what they have outlined was a conceptual analysis of t he general debate and did not dwell on specific policy recommendations. A significant portion of this discourse was devoted to the pros and cons of the Stricter-Law argument, which posits that most laws relevant to nanotechnology are already outdated and that it is possible that they can no longer mitigate the risks involved; hence, new laws and regulations must be enacted to remedy the issue. (Alhoff, Lin & Moore, p. 103) Other alternatives cited were a total ban on nanotechnology, maintaining the status quo, and some interim solution that would perhaps balance all concerns and interests of as much stakeholders as possible. The final component of the conceptual apparatus was the equity and access to nanotechnology. It has been argued that it has tremendous potential that could revolutionize the way people live and perhaps solve many human and environmental problems across the globe. This, in combination, with the various elements found in Unit II as cited here, is roughly similar t o an attempt to depict a loose cost-benefit analysis wherein the risks and advantages are set side by side each other in order to determine the best course of action on how to treat nanotechnology as a discipline and how to judge it in ethical and moral terms. Part II: Use the conceptual apparatus you reconstructed in Part I to evaluate the ethical and social implications of one of the applications of nanotechnology we engaged in Unit III. In determining the ethical and s

Comprehensive Australian Programme of Law Reform Essay

Comprehensive Australian Programme of Law Reform - Essay Example This move has been geared towards ensuring that the scope of potential liability is narrowed, for example through the limiting of personal liability borne by medical practitioners who give assistance to those people at a higher risk of injury or who need emergency medical help; and reducing the damages that may be awarded in such cases so as to confine the exposure of underwriters so that they could be able to give better and more affordable cover to those who need it. One important element to point out at this stage is the fact that most of these reforms actually did contrast with the recommendations put forward by the IPP Committee Report, which was in favour of national and uniform law response to the jurisdiction crisis on cases of liability, negligence and award of damages (Ellison, 2005). Indeed various governments that have come up since 2002 have tried to enact and implement law reforms that addressed liability, negligence, and damages. ... 2.0 The law reforms 2.1 Establishing liability The liability laws take into consideration the common law and statutes of federal and states governments. In these provisions, a person who is injured or has suffered a loss or otherwise incurred damage may institute an action aimed at compensation on the basis of the tort of common law of negligence that is based on fault; breach of contract; and breach of the provisions stipulated in the Australian Consumer Law that was effected in 2011 that replaced provisions of the Federal Trade Practices Act 1974 relating to product liability and safety of produce. In establishing the liability of a person in tort, the issue of foreseeability comes into play. A person has a duty of care to another person as per the law of tort. The defendant had a case to answer if he was in a position to see in advance reasonably, that the injured person would suffer loss or was at risk of doing so but the defendant failed to take necessary preventive action (Aust ralian Government Treasury; 2002; 2004; Harlow, 2005). This component of contributory negligence is comprised of two components namely the foreseeability of risk relating to harm and a calculation of the level of negligence also called the ‘negligence calculus’. Based on the above provisions, a person is free from liability for failing to take precautions if the risk in question is unforeseeable and can be established as being so. To know whether a risk is foreseeable or not, it is provided that such a risk should not be so probable to an extent that any reasonable person or someone in his or her common senses would ignore it (Trowbridge & Deloitte, 2002). Having already established the aspect of

Grocery, Inc. Essay Example for Free

Grocery, Inc. Essay Grocery, Inc. is a retail grocery store chain based in Any State; U.S.A. Grocery has stores throughout the United States. Grocery has written contracts with many different vendors to purchase the products they sell in their stores. Vendors range from individuals to international corporations. Tom works as the produce manager for the store in My Town, U.S.A. Jeff, 17 years old, is spending his summer vacation working for Tom in the produce department. A.) Does Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) apply to the contracts between Grocery and its vendors? Do common law contracts apply? Explain, in detail, why or why not. Your answer should compare and contrast common law contracts and UCC Article 2 contracts. Yes Article 2 of the UCC does apply to the contracts between Grocery and their vendors. Article 2 applies to all contracts for the sale of goods (2-102). The code contains a somewhat complicated definition of goods (2-105); the most important thing to understand is that the term goods means tangible personal property. Article 2 does not apply to contracts for the sale of real estate or stocks and bonds and other intangibles. The drafters of the code also tried to promote fair dealing and higher standards of behavior in the marketplace. They attempted to do this in several ways in Article 2. The Code imposes a duty on everyone making agreements under the Code to act in good faith (1-203). The Code also imposes certain standards of quality on sellers of goods as a matter of law. Common law contracts would also apply to the Grocery and their vendors, due to the mixture of goods and services. Common law would apply to the service element that is predominant in the contract with regards to the delivery of the goods. (Barnes, J). The difference between Article 2 and common law is that if the contract is for the sale of goods then Article 2 would apply, if it is not then the principles of common law under contracts would apply. Article 2 reflects an attitude about contracts that is fundamentally  different from that of the common law. The Code is more concerned with rewarding peoples legitimate expectations than with technical rules, so it is generally more flexible than traditional contract law. A court that applies the Code is more likely to find the parties had a contract than a court that applies contract law (2-204). In some cases, the Code gives less weight to technical requirements such as consideration than is the case in contract law. (Barnes, J). B.) Grocery contracted with Masterpiece Construction to renovate the store on Main Street in My Town. Masterpiece, unable to complete the renovation within the six month time limit due to a sudden increase in jobs, sub-contracted the entire job to build them to fall. Grocery was unaware of the sub-contract. When Grocery realized (due to poor quality of work) that Build, not Masterpiece, was handling the renovation, Grocery petitioned the court for an injunction and then sued Masterpiece for breech of contract and specific performance. Masterpiece argued that it had a right to delegate the duties of the contract, or in the alternative, to discharge the contract due to commercial impracticability. Who wins? Explain your answer. Based on the information provided by Grocery would win the case based on breech of contract and specific performance. Under breech of contract, promissory must perform their contractual duties in the manner they have promised to perform them. Since Masterpiece did not perform the duties in the manner in which they promised they are liable for breech of contract. The courts recognize that there are three basic degrees of performance: complete or satisfactory performance, substantial performance, and material breech of contract. (Barnes, J). A contract consists of both rights and duties. A contracting party has the duty to perform his or her own promise and the right to receive the other partys promised performance. These rights and duties can usually be transferred to third persons. When rights under a contract are transferred, this is called assignment. The transfer of duties is called a delegation. Not all contracts are assignable  over the objection of the promissory. The promissory who delegates duties is still liable to the promise if the party to whom the duties were delegated fails to satisfactorily perform them. This would make Masterpiece liable for the quality of work that Build them to fall produced for Grocery. The only exception to this rule would have been if the parties had entered into a novation which is a new, separate agreement by the promisee to release the original promissory from liability in exchange for a third partys agreement to assume the promisors duties. As for Masterpieces claim that they had a right to delegate the duties to Build them to Fall under commercial impracticability they would have to show that unforeseen conditions would have caused a delay or inability to make delivery of the goods (make performance impracticable), then they would have been able to claim commercial impracticability. In the absence of compelling circumstances, the courts do not readily excuse parties from their contractual obligations, particularly where it is clear that the parties anticipated a problem and sought to provide for it in the contract. Since Masterpiece had contracted to perform the work for Grocery and then had a sudden increase in jobs this would not be considered compelling circumstances for sub-contracting the job to a company that would perform a poor quality of work. C.) At the end of the summer, Jeff had earned enough money to put a down payment on a car. He decided to continue working part time during school to earn money for the car payments. Jeff purchased a car from Steve at the local used car lot. Steve did not ask Jeff how old he was; but assumed he had reached the age of majority. Jeff paid the down payment and signed the contract stating that he would make payments of $200 each month. Six months later Jeff lost his job and could no longer make the payments. Jeff took the car back to Steve and said he wanted to cancel the contract and that he wanted his money back. What are the possible outcomes? Explain your answers. Jeff was a minor at the time of the contract. Therefore, Jeff is considered not to have the capacity to enter into contracts. Steve made the deal in good faith that Jeff was old enough to enter into the contract.  Unfortunately, the contract is voidable. Jeff was correct that he could disaffirm the contract. And upon the disaffirmance, Jeff had to return the vehicle to Steve. Even though the right to disaffirm a contract was meant to protect minors, some states have rejected that idea because that view creates a hardship on the adult involved. Under the case of Dodson v. Shrader, 824 W.2d 545 Tenn. Sup. Ct. 1992), Steve would be allowed to recover the depreciation of the vehicle from the monies that Jeff has paid. Especially considering the fact that Jeff has had the vehicle for six months or more. The states defer on the idea that the minor needs to be reimburse the innocent adult for dealing with the minor. However, many times minors can pass as adults at approximately 14 years of age and up. Minors also get fake IDs to get things like buying beer. Therefore, by allowing the minor to get away with not paying the debt he or she willing entered or lied to the adult to sign a contract, is not in the best interest of society to allow the minor not to suffer the consequences. Therefore, holding the minor responsible for his or her actions is one way for the minor to learn responsibility. D.) Grocery has a written contract with Cereal, Inc. to purchase 20 cases of cereal per month at $22 per case. The contract does not state the types of cereal or how the 20 cases will be divided up between Grocerys 20 stores in Any State. After a flood, Cereal suffers severe water damage in its warehouse. With the exception of Soggy Flakes, Cereal does not have enough undamaged cereal to comply with its Grocery contract. On the day delivery was due, Grocery receives 10 cases of Soggy Flakes at the three stores located in My Town and two stores in Your Town. Twelve days before delivery was due, Grocery had requested, by facsimile, that 15 cases containing a variety of cereals be delivered to the five stores listed above with the remaining five cases going to Grocerys warehouse in Corp Town. Grocery wants to reject the shipments of Soggy Flakes and cancel its contract with Cereal. Discuss Grocerys rights under contract law. Cereal argues that based on the gap-filling rule, it had the right to modify the terms of the  contract. Analyze the gap filling provisions of UCC Article 2 as they pertain to the terms of this contract. What rights and/or defenses, if any, does Cereal have under contract law? Analyze the remedies available to Grocery and/or Cereal. Explain all answers in detail. Grocery has the right to reject the shipment. Grocery has to notify Cereal that the shipment was not adequate and is being rejected pursuant to Article 2-602. The notice must be accomplished within a reasonable time and preferably in writing [Article 2-602]. Grocery has the right to reject the shipment and cancel the contract.. However, Cereal must notify Grocery that due to unforeseeable circumstances, the shipment will consist of Soggy Flakes and only ten cases of cereal will be delivered. Cereal must notify Grocery that Cereal intends to replace the shipment within a reasonable time (gap-filling rule). However, under the circumstances, Cereal may not know how long Cereal may be without the correct product. Furthermore, Cereal needs to decide what it wants Grocery to do with the product (whether to sell the product, destroy the product, or store the product for later pick-up). Grocery does not have to pay for return shipment. If Grocery feels that Cereal cannot meet the obligations incurred, Grocery can demand an assurance that the contract will be performed. If the assurance is not forthcoming within 30 days, then Grocery can repudiate the contract [Section 2-609]. If Grocery later decides the Cereal can meet the terms of the contract, Grocery can decide to continue wit the contract if Cereal can show that Cereal intends to meet the obligations of the contract. E.) Tom spent his time away from work on his hobby, model trains. His train set was very large and consisted of rare and one-of-a-kind trains. One day, while visiting with a fellow train hobbyist Harry, Tom said, When I retire in two years from Grocery, Im going to sell my trains and spend the rest of my years traveling on real trains. Tom then told Harry that he was the only person he planned to offer his trains to because he knew Harry would take good care of them. Harry said he looked forward to the day when he could buy the trains. Harry then spent the next two years and most of his savings  building a new 2,000 sq. ft. room onto his house to make room for the trains. When Harry told Tom that he was building the new room, Tom just smiled. Tom also heard that Harry had borrowed money from his aunt to buy the trains. When Tom retired, he sold his trains to David. Harry sued Tom claiming breach of contract, or in the alternative, for promissory estoppels. Who wins? Explain your an swer. Although Tom and Harry did not have a written contract about the purchase of the trains, they did have a verbal contract. Breach of contract is described as any failure to perform that is not excused (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers, Langvardt, 2004). When Tom told Harry that Tom would sell his trains to Harry, Harry had the reasonable expectation that Harry would receive the trains. Harry then spent a large amount of money building an addition to his house in order to have room for the trains. Harry also had borrowed the money to purchase the trains from his aunt. Promissory estoppel is an equitable doctrine that protects those who foreseeably and reasonably rely on the promises of others by enforcing such promises when enforcement is necessary to avoid injustice, even though one or more of the elements normally required for an enforceable agreement is absent (Mallor, et al, 2004, glossary). In this case an injustice to Harry did exist because of the money he spent in building onto his house and expectation he had of receiving the trains. Harry wins the case based on the recognition of promissory estoppels in section 90 in the first Restatement of Contracts in 1932 (Mallor, et al, 2004, 338). The court would see the injustice to Harry by Tom failing to fulfill his promise to sell his trains to Harry. F.) Jason shipped a truckload of peaches from his orchard to Grocery using an independent trucker. In route, the truck broke down and the shipment was delayed three days. The peaches were spoiled when they arrived. The terms of the contract were F.O.B. Who bears the risk? Explain your answer. F.O.B. (Free on Board) means the seller is responsible to deliver the goods  free of expense and at his own risk to the designated place of delivery. In this case Jacob was responsible for the shipment until it reached Grocery. Grocery would be able to file a suit against Jason for damages. Jason would, however, be able to file a suit against the independent trucker for the damages to the peaches. This case is similar to the case in the textbook Windows, Inc. v. Jordan Panel Systems Corp. In this case, however, the term FOB is not used. The windows were to be properly packed and shipped, but were damaged due to load shift during transport. The buyer, Jordan, expected to receive the windows in good condition, ready to install. When the windows were delivered in bad condition, Jordon filed against the trucking company and did not pay Windows for the order. Jordan then ordered a duplicate order to be shipped that Jordan received with no problem. The error in this case was that Jordan did not pay Windows for either order and Windows had to file suit against Jordan in order to be paid for the shipments. Judgment was affirmed in favor of Windows. G.) Discuss the different warranties that apply to Grocerys business. Explain your answer in detail. Grocerys business operates under the implied warranty of merchantability. This warranty is one that the legal community has created, not one that is operating under a written or accepted contract. The warranty operates under UCC section 2-314(l) . Section UCC 20314(l) reads: [A] warranty that the goods shall be merchantable is implied in a contract for their sale if the seller is a merchant with respect to goods of that kind. (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers and Langvardt, 2007). Under this warranty, Grocerys implied warranty is that the products sold will be useable for the purpose intended. Grocery would be held responsible for products like canned goods, meats, bakery items, and the like because Grocery is in the business of selling these goods. Section 2-314 states the products must meet the following criteria. (1)In the trade, the product must pass inspection without objection. (2)The product must be fit for the purpose for which the product wasintended;(3)The product must be of even kind, quantity (same size unit), and kind (like boxed cereal). (4)The product must be adequately packaged and labeled (must list things like the calories per serving). (5)The product must conform to the packaging and labeling regarding any promises or statements that may be stated (the cereal must be Rice Krispies and not Cheerios if the box is marked Rice Krispies). (6)If a product is perishable, the product must be of fair quality. If goods do not conform to the above standards, a consumer may pursue legal remedies. Goods that do not function as intended are not merchandisable and would not meet the above standards. Furthermore, Grocery would be responsible for the goods sold at the store, not for computer products since the normal business of Grocery would be for canned goods, bakery items, meats, and the like. H.) Supplier Inc., a large wholesaler, had a contract with Grocery. Supplier sued Grocery for breach of contract when Grocery failed to place an order for goods by a specific date as specified in the contract. Each order was worth at least $550. Grocery contended that the contract Bill Green signed was a standard preprinted supply contract without specifics regarding time of order and quantity. Green had authority to sign a standard supply contract, but could not authorize specific terms. This was unknown to Supplier. Supplier argued that terms were boilerplate and therefore could be modified by acceptance. Supplier offered oral testimony at trial to prove that Green agreed to the modifications. Is there a contract? If so, what are the terms? Explain your answer. 1. Yes, there is a contract. The contract that Green claims to be a standard  preprinted supply contract and Suppliers claim can be modified by acceptance. 2. The terms are that Grocery was supposed to purchase goods by a specific date. 3. Each order is worth at least $550. a.) Also, discuss the use of Suppliers oral testimony at trial. 1. The use of Suppliers oral testimony can go either way. Oral testimony can be very effective if Supplier can prove that what Supplier is saying is true. Oral testimony can also be detrimental to Suppliers case if it is proven that Supplier is lying. 2. Presenting to the courts and the jury that the copy of the actual contract is always a good idea. It will be up to the courts to decide if the original contract stands or if it is void. References Edition e-text] Prentice-Hall Publishing. Retrieved August 25, 2005, from University of Phoenix, Resource BUS/415-Business Law Web Site:https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary/content/eReader. Mallor, J.P., Barnes, A.J., Bowers, T., Langvardt, A.W. (2007). Business law: The ethical, global and e-commerce environment, 13e. The McGraw-Hill CompaniesUniversity of Phoenix. (Ed) (2005). Business Law [University of Phoenix Custom]

The Carbon Tax Reduces Negative Externalities And Pollution Economics Essay

The Carbon Tax Reduces Negative Externalities And Pollution Economics Essay Carbon tax will have an impact on the negative externalities and the environment in Australia. Most economists recommended the adoption of a carbon tax to achieve carbon emission reductions. They argued that the carbon tax costs lowest to reducing carbon among emission reduction policies. Carbon tax is known as a most efficiency measure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon tax is an environmental tax and also is a Pigovian tax. Generally basing the carbon content of coal, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuel, carbon tax is designed and levied according to the fixed tax rate. Carbon tax is a kind of consumption tax levied on fossil fuels (Jane Andrew, Mary A. Kaidonis, Brian Andrew, 2010). Carbon tax levy will raise the price of fossil energy products. The price increase will promote the economical use of resources. The prices of non-fossil energy become more competitive, and ultimately make the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon tax is conducive to promoting the in ternalization of the external negative effects with consumption of fossil fuels. With the interior of fuel costs and increasing the cost of energy, it is useful to achieve the objective of reducing energy consumption, and thus to control carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon tax could better serve to reduce pollutants, especially carbon dioxide emissions, but it also can solve the problem of negative externalities. The carbon tax can reduce pollution levels Introduce of a carbon tax can promote prices increase of fossil fuels and other energy-intensive products then to suppress fossil energy consumption, and thus to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and aims to reduce emissions of other pollutants. As Figure I shows, a carbon tax of fossil fuels buyers will increase the price buyers pay. Before the introduction of carbon tax, the equilibrium of fossil fuels is Q1 and the equilibrium of priceÂÂ  is P1. After introduce of a carbon tax, the price of fossil fuels will get rise. The demand of fossil fuels from firms and household will decrease, is represented by a leftward shift of the demand curve from D1 to D2. Hence, new equilibrium quantity and price decrease from Q0 to Q1 and P0 to P1, respectively. The increase of the demand of coffees will be shown by rightward shift of demand curve from D0 to D1 in Figure 1. Hence, new equilibrium of quantity and price will be established that the quantity increases from Q0 to Q1 and price increases from P0 to P1, respectively. Therefore, the introduce of a modest carbon tax is conducive to increasing cost of the high energy consuming enterprises and high-polluting businesses, inhibition of high energy consumption and high emission industries. Meanwhile, a carbon tax will help promote and encourage enterprises to explore and use of renewable energy, speed up the elimination of high energy consumption, backward technology with high emission, research, development and use of energy saving technology, which will certainly promote the adjustment and optimization of industrial structure, reduce energy consumption and accelerate the development and application of energy saving technologies (Ram M. Shrestha and Charles O. P,1999). Essentially, the carbon emissions caused global warming is an externality problem. The so-called external effects refer to non-market effects which the producers or consumers bring to other people during the actual economic activities. The first theorem of Pigous welfare theories argued that in a fully competitive market, if there is no externality, and if there is no possible that market information is not sufficient, the result of market competition will be Pareto optimal. Conversely, if the market does not meet any of the full competition, no externalities, full information these three conditions, it will result in differences between individual cost and social cost (Annegrete Bruvoll and Bodil Merethe Larsen, 2004).. This difference is difficult or cost to eliminate itself in the market so it is difficult to reach to the Pareto optimal state. To eliminate the cost difference led up to the optimal Pareto improvement, he suggested the government should tax the polluters based on th e harm caused by pollution make up the gap between individual and social costs in the form of carbon tax. This action is helpful to let the producers transfer pollution emissions costs into the price of the product. This tax is also called Pigovian taxes. (Frank Scrimgeour, Les Oxley, Koli Fatai, 2005) From the above analysis, carbon tax would not only be able to promote polluters to reduce the negative externalities, it is also an incentive also for clean energy companies, so Pigou Tax is an important policy tool for policy makers to reduce carbon emissions( Lucas Skoufa and Rick Tamaschke, 2011). The purpose of a carbon tax is to reduce external diseconomies, achieve the internalization of external diseconomies and correct of market failure caused by loss of efficiency in order to achieve optimal allocation of resources. Carbon tax is actually a Pareto improvement , which would be an improvement and optimization of allocation of resources to the society as a whole to achieve a more efficient use of resources. Carbon tax can solve the external economy as well as to achieve Pareto optimal state. Conclusion Carbon tax can influence the price and quantities of fossil fuels demand, so it will helpful to reduce pollutants, especially carbon dioxide emissions. It is a good measure to Australia to protect the environment. Carbon tax also can reduce negative externalities.

Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority Tourism Essay

Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority Tourism Essay The study focuses on the role of promotion in tourism, the case study of Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority in the northern tourist circuit of Tanzania. Despite of the wealth Ngorongoro Conservation Area has in terms of diverse natural resources, topographical, social-cultural attractions and other potentials, it receives relative less number of tourists. Tourists wealth of Ngorongoro Conservation Area remains insufficiently tapped because of among other reasons is due to inadequate effective and efficiency tourism promotional strategies and limited budget for promotion. The study has four objectives which were to identify and assess the use of different promotion strategies used by Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority to increase its market share, to access issues and challenges of applying different promotion strategies used by Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority and to recommend ways in which promotion strategies can be improved. The study applied triangulation approach whereby a number of methods were used in data collection including literature search, interview, observation, focused group discussion and questionnaires while descriptive statistics were used in data analysis. Data were presented in tables,, graphs and figures. The results showed that NCA is still receiving a lesser amount of tourists compared to its compared to its competitors. NCAA has not put enough efforts in advertising NCA worldwide and the kind of promotion strategies used are not adequate and not abiding to the everyday changing technology. The study recommended that Tourism promotion requires a well comprehensive marketing strategy to be developed and implemented by both the government and private agents. This should be supported by regular coordinated efforts to allow them to discuss about tourism promotion for Ngorongoro Conservation Area tourism destination. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information According to WTO (2005), tourism is the largest and fastest growing industry in the world. In developing countries mostly in Africa tourism is said to depend most on natural resources as key attractions (Bonavides, 2001). From 1990 to 1998 tourism visits to the developing countries grew twice as fast annually as worldwide tourism ( 9.5% per year compared to 4.6% per year) and in the year 2002, it had grown to more than 30% of total tourist visits (Ashley, 2002). By the year 1998 tourism was among the five leading export sectors in two thirds of the worlds 49 least developed countries to include Tanzania (Bonavides, 2001). According to the national economic survey, in 2009, a total of 647,193 tourists visited National Parks, whereby 533,655 tourists were foreigners and 113,538 were locals. Earnings from tourists who visited the National Parks were Tshs. 67.3 billion. In addition, a total of 438,179 tourists visited Ngorongoro Conservation Authority, of which 234,767 were foreigners an d 203,412 were locals. Earnings from tourists who visited Ngorongoro were Tshs. 34.7 billion. (http//:www.tanzania.go.tz/economicsurvey.html). According to the study done by Rusumo in the year 2005 tourism contributed 17% of the national Gross Domestic Product and 25% of the countrys foreign earnings. In 2009, receipts from wildlife sub-sector increased to Tshs 23,575.7 million from Tshs. 18,387.4 million in 2008, equivalent to an increase of 22 percent. This situation was a result of an increase in activities of tourism such as photographic sceneries, wild animal hunting and licensing of trophy business (ibid). However, tourism sector was expected to attract over one million tourists by the year 2010. Tanzania is one of the largest countries in Africa. The countrys tourism potential ranges from her wildlife resources, a spectacular landscape and scenery, water bodies and beaches, a diversity of cultures and numerous archaeological sites. Tourism has become a competitive business. For tourism sector, competitive advantage is no longer natural, but increasingly man-made driven by science, technology, information and innovation. As such, it is not simply the stock of natural resources of Tanzania that will determine her competitiveness in tourism, but rather, how these resources are managed and to what extent they are complemented with man-made innovations. Although the Tanzanian government has identified tourism as a potential sector for expansion, availing of the countrys natural amenities and wildlife resources and targeting the relatively high end of the market, it has not been able to realize its full potential in tourism. As such, the contribution of tourism to employment, small business development, income and foreign exchange earnings remains inadequate. According to Economic and Social Research Foundation report of 2009, tourism sector had an average growth rate of 10% per year. From 1990 to 1999 tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings from tourism increased by an average annual rate of 15.15% and 27.41% respectively but since 2000, tourists arrival and foreign exchange earnings have been stagnating at average annual growth rates of 1.49% (arrivals) and 0.09% (earnings). According to Lickorish and Jenkins (1997) promotion is a vital marketing tool in tourism sector due to the nature of the sector where by it is a demand and market led business, consumer is regarded as a king, it is embracing a wide range of components and services with a larger range of related services and tourist attractions. Promotion is the most visible of the four principles of marketing in tourism business, it is used to manage demand, make prospective customers aware of the products, whet their appetites, stimulate demands and provide information that help customers to make decisions. It generally provides incentives to purchase, increase sales volume and resulting to more profits by increasing the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Middleton, 1994). Promotion shall be viewed as one of the critical means to acquire, maintain and boost organizations market share in tourism sector worldwide and ensure its survival. In modern society promotion has become an important part of the social economic systems. It has evolved into vital communication systems that overwhelm and influence business. As a communication system promotion has developed further as a result of information technology that dominated business. In competitive business environments and free market based economies, promotion is one of the useful favored tools to win the market and hence success in business. In this modern world of high technology effective and viable promotion can be achieved through the use of different methods and tactics of promotion and the use of information technology. With advanced technology which the world is currently experiencing, effective and viable promotion can be achieved through the use of different method and tactics of promotion and use of information technology so as to attract distant tourists. The strength of the Tanzanian tourist product is dominated by the natural assets which mirror the clients motivations for visiting the country. The main strength includes; abundance, diversity, reliability and visibility of wildlife, unspoiled environment and beautiful scenery, safe destination as well as rich African culture and friendly people. All these make Tanzania one of the unique destinations in the African Continent that has yet to be discovered by many. One of the leading tourist destinations in Tanzania is Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) as shown in see table 1.1 NCA is endowed with diverse and plenty of tourist attractions including the Volcanic Craters such as Ngorongoro, Empakaani, Olmoti and Oldonyo Lengai Creaters (Ngorongor o being a wonder of the Natural World. There are also other attractions to mention few are Nasera Roxck, Shifting Sand and Olkarien Gorge as well as wildlife, vegetation and rich indigenous culture. Despite the above mentioned attractions NCA receives a relatively low volume of tourist and revenue one can argue that NCA has not put into effect enough efforts to promote its tourist attractions. Currently the major tourism promotion strategies used are Advertisement, Public Relations (publicity) and Brochures and other printed materials Table. 1.1 Tourists visited Ngorongoro Conservation Authority and Earnings for January December 2009 Month Foreigners Locals Total Revenue (Tshs) January 19,176 18,462 37,638 3,184,363,880.10 February 23,628 17,239 40,867 3,601,413,146.50 March 14,072 14,463 28,535 3,162,927,138.70 April 10,271 12,239 22,510 1,289,337,307.95 May 8,714 12,062 20,776 1,332,029,171.80 June 16,075 15,940 32,015 2,456,883,262.00 July 31,908 21,786 53,694 4,231,731,129.51 August 32,995 22,030 55,025 4,289,879,099.00 September 19,916 17,224 37,140 3,024,501,009.97 October 21,916 17,392 39,308 3,045,013,094.00 November 14,703 14,229 28,932 2,240,074,238.15 December 21,393 20,346 41,739 2,883,440,244.21 Total 234,767 203,412 438,179 34,741,592,721.89 Source: Ngorongoro Conservation Area, (2009) Previously tourism was not given due attention in the country. It is argued that the country has not exhaustively promoted her tourist products, the situation that has led Tanzania to receive less number of tourists compared to her competitors such as Kenya, South Africa and other Asian countries (Thomassen et al, 2005). In this respect, tourism wealth of the country is not totally tapped because of the inadequate tourism promotional efforts among other reasons. While that is the case, today the business environment has changed into free market based economy coupled with very stiff competition and high technology worldwide. This situation requires organizations in the business to undertake promotion of their products and/or services in order to acquire a substantial market share. 1.2 Problem Statement Being relatively labour intensive (providing jobs to over 300,000 people) implies that tourisms growth will benefit more people and in the long-run there will be substantial reduction in poverty countrywide. Tanzania has a comparative and competitive advantage in the sector due to the unspoiled natural endowments (in the form of unspoiled fauna and flora, beautiful natural sceneries and landscapes, coral reef and marine life, and a nearly pristine coastline) for attracting travelers, not forgetting a supportive government that recognizes private sector leadership in operating the tourist industry. Yet, the sector could expand more if it will be able to attract more tourists through the proper marketing mix (price, product, promotion and place) with an emphasis in Promotion since the other three Ps are well managed/ natural advantageous. With the expected rise of contribution of Tourism to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 9% (Tshs 2,399.3 billion) in 2009 to 9.2% (Tshs 6,052.7 billion) by 2019; Ministry of Natural Recourses and Tourism (MNRT) together with different Tourist organizations (Ngorongoro Area Conservation) needs to put and implement purposively efforts to see the target is achieved to be one hundred percent and over and above. Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) as one of the giant tourism organization in the country has embarked on promotion of her tourist product in order to create, maintain and boost its market share hence increasing income both at organization level and national level. However, despite the existing strategies NAC receives less number of tourists compared to its competitors such as Maasai Mara- Kenya, Kruger National Park and other protected areas in Africa. The strategically natural placement of NAC at the northern circuit can persuade the vast tourists who visit northern tourist circuit (Serengeti, Lake Manyara and Tarangire National Parks). It is suspected that the growth of tourism at NAC remains insufficiently tapped because of inadequate effective and efficient tourism promotional strategies. The study therefore aims at assessing the extent the tourism promotion strategies can contribute to the growth of the sector, using the case of Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Arusha region. Moreover most previously conducted researches such as those done by Gwamagobe in 2004 and Mbuya in 2000 suggested on undertaking more research focusing on the impact of promotion in the tourism sector but little has been done to date. The study is therefore aimed at assessing the contribution of tourism promotion strategies towards the improvement of tourism sector in the country with reference to NCA bearing in mind that tourism in the country is dominated by natural resources especially wildlife of which NCA is one of the top destinations. Hence the focus of the study is to find out the contribution of promotion in tourism industry. 1.3 Research Objectives 1. 3.1 General Objective The general objective of the study was to assess the contribution of tourism promotional strategies in improving the tourism sector in Tanzania 1.3.2 Specific objectives To identify different promotional strategies used by NCAA to increase the number of tourists, To assess the relationship between an increase in concentration of different promotion strategies used by NCAA to increase the number of tourists To identify the challenges faced by NCAA in applying the identified promotional strategies. To recommend ways in which tourism promotional strategies can be improved 1.4 Research Questions The study questions were based on the research specific objectives: What are the different promotional strategies used by NCAA to market its tourism products, What is the relationship between an increase in concentration of different promotion strategies and increase in number of tourists in the past five years? What are the challenges faced by NCAA in applying the identified promotional strategies. 1.5 Significance of the Study The end product of the study is expected to add value to the following: The study can be used by NCAA to realize the most suitable promotional strategy that can be used to improve its market share The findings from the study can be used by other agencies as well as the ministry to identify the gaps on the existing promotional practices for the purpose of attaining best value market share and to improve their competitive performance and strategic advantage The findings may also be used by the tourism partners in changing their perception on their promotion strategy management. This will also help to enrich the body of knowledge, and may be used as a reference by students / professionals /company executives in the field of tourism. Since the study is part of the researchers academic course, it will enable the researcher to qualify for the award of Master Degree in Business Administration. 1.6 Rationale of the Study Tanzania is among the countries with many tourist attractions and tourism is the major source of foreign exchange earnings. However, this is not the case; Tanzania is not getting as many tourists as expected. This could be attributed lack of adequate promotion for touristic activities. Subsequently this study aimed at assessing the promotional strategies that may enable NCAA as well as the country to attract more tourists so that we promote the tourism sector. 1.7 Scope of the Study The study was conducted in NCAA and covered all departments and sections which are directly or indirectly dealing with promotion. The research l however consulted other tourism stake holders organizations like TANAPA (Tanzania National Park), TTB (Tanzania Tourist Board) and TATO (Tanzania Association of Tours Operators). The study was conducted for a period of 8 weeks. Secondary data covered a period of five years that is from the year 2007 to 2011. 1.8 Limitations of the Study With Government organizations/ Authorities red tapped procedures was difficult to access some of the confidential information Financial constraint; financial resources available are not enough to explore all possible sources of information, hence the study was conducted only in one organization. However , the results can be generalized in other touristic destinations in Tanzania The time for the study was not enough to carry out intensive and extensive study.

Important Elements of a Written Loan Policy :: essays research papers

Assignment # 4 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most important ways a bank can make sure its loans meet regulatory standards and are profitable is by establishing a written loan policy. A loan policy gives loan officers and the bank’s management specific guidelines in making some loan decisions and in shaping the over all portfolios of the bank. The following are the most important elements of a Written Loan Policy;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Statements of Lending: A statement that defines the type of loan, its maturities, quality and the size of loans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish a Lending Authority: It should clearly define who is authorized to a loan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish Lines of Responsibility: It is making sure that all the information is reported to its department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operating Procedure: There should be appropriate operating procedures for soliciting, reviewing, evaluating, and making decisions on customer loan application.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Required Documents: All the required documents should be obtained for every loan application and must be filed properly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lines of Authority: Responsibility for maintaining and reviewing the bank’s credit files should be well defined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guidelines: Proper guidelines must be given as to how you can take a loan, evaluate it and perfect a loan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Policies’ & Procedures: Policies’ & Procedures for establishing interest rates, payments, fees and repayments must be present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish Quality Standards: A statement of quality standards applicable to all loans. That is, if a person does not meet the standards then the loan should be denied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establishing Upper Limit to Loans: A statement defining the upper limit to a loan beyond which a loan cannot be allowed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Define its Community: A description of the bank’s principal trade area, which most loans should come from.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trouble Loan: A discussion of the preferred procedures for detecting, analyzing, and working out problem loan situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For loan to be good three conditions should be fulfilled, ie. First that the borrower should be creditworthy. Which could be known by a detailed study of the following six aspects:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Character: The loan officer must know the purpose of the loan and make sure that the customer will be able to make the repayment of the loan. He should also determine that the borrower has a responsible attitude towards using borrowed funds, is truthful in answering the bank’s questions and willing to make every effort to repay what is owned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capacity: The loan officer must make sure the borrower has the authority to request a loan and the legal standing to sign a loan agreement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cash: The loan officer should make sure that the borrower has a stable stream of income and the ability to repay the loan.

A Summery of the Life and Writings of John Stuart Mill :: essays papers

A Summery of the Life and Writings of John Stuart Mill After reading 100% of the book, New Ideas From Dead Economists, I chose to write a little summery of John Stuart Mill. I did a little outside research on the subject, because his theories and philosophies were intriguing to me. I was impressed by his change in his views as he entered his mid twenties. John Stuart Mill was born in London on May 20, 1806, and was the oldest son of James Mill. His education, as a boy, was carried out by his father, James Mill. John’s discipline was extremely rigid, as a result, he believed it gave him the intellectual advantage of a quarter century on his contemporaries. Later in life Mill recognized that his father’s extreme system of intellectual discipline gave him little time to develop social and emotional relationships with others. He regretted this aspect of his childhood. Mill was considered a leader in thought at the young age of twenty-one. This is when he encountered a mental crisis. The cause of the crisis, extreme mental and physical strain, gave him as he called it, â€Å"a dull state of nerves†. He realized that the goals in his life, that his father had given him, stolen the feelings out of him. After many months of despair, he found that the emotions within him were not dead. One important factor in this emotional realization was a woman by the name of Mrs. Taylor. She was known to help Mill in authoring works of his, and a good friend. While she was married, Mill held a close relationship with her. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Taylor and John Mill were married in 1851. After this he had great success publishing in multiple literary journals. These articles had ranged from those relating to philosophy and social to political and economic. One of his earliest was with The Westminster Review, but were mostly for The London Review. Through these articles, we can trace his gradual development and change in his radical politics. His first real intellectual work appeared in 1843, System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. This was followed by his, Essays on some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy, in 1844, and, Principles of Political Economy in 1848.

texas v. johnson case brief Essay example -- essays research papers

U.S. Supreme Court TEXAS v. JOHNSON, 491 U.S. 397 (1989) 491 U.S. 397 Citation:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Johnson was convicted of desecration of a venerated object in violation of a Texas statute. Date Decided:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  June 21, 1989 Facts of case:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas, Johnson decided to burn an American flag in protest of some policies made by the Reagan administration and some Dallas corporations that he did not agree with. Noone sustained physical injury or was even threatened with physical injury, but many were offended by the jesture made by Johnson. The Texas penal code forbids the desecration of a venerated object. Issues:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Does the first amendment overrule the Texas law that forbids the desecration of a venerated object under these circumstances? Decision of the court:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The State court of Appeals affirmed that Johnson was in the wrong, however, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reversed. Opinion or reasons for the decision:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals pointed out that the state, under the first amendment, could not punish Johnson for burning the flag due to the current circumstances. The court found that Johnson's burning of the flag was expressive conduct protected by the First Amendment. They concluded that the State could not criminally sanction flag desecration in...

Bio-cosmetics in the 20th Century: The Response to the Revolution

In this rapidly-changing environment, one has to keep phase with the developments in the patterns of consumer purchasing behavior, currently of varying degrees and categories, especially if one is in the field of marketing.The tastes and preferences of the consumers, which we also aptly call as the market demand, is what fuels marketing.   The capacity of a company or a firm to determine early-on the demand of the market of responsibility is of an advantage.   At the same time, meeting this specific demand will complete the formula to success; otherwise, the extensive marketing research will all be put to waste.Change is everything especially when the universe entered the stage of globalization, where markets across regions face issues of product customization or adaptations according to the needs of the target segments.   Exploring further unto this topic will be the main core of this paper which will particularly tackle the status and the progress made by the Bio-cosmetics in dustry in the 20th century, and how the market has reacted or is reacting to it.The subject of discussion will delve into the evolution of this trade or field of commerce and what has been the efforts conducted by the involved companies in strengthening their core competencies for survival and competitiveness.As previously mentioned, the behavior of the target market will be analyzed thoroughly in this paper by demonstrating the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the factors at play.   In so doing, it is aimed that the stability of the bio-cosmetics industry be determined and that the prospects for future possible ventures be identified.   This consumer behavior study will enable the marketers to garner feedback on this side of the cosmetics industry and leverage on the potential of the business, vis-à  -vis the key market segments with strong demand for the bio-cosmetics line of products and services.Theory and Practices of NegotiationDefinitionWhen you hear the word nego tiation, what comes first to mind?   Negotiation is almost always an everyday transaction being dealt with by each and every one of us.   Indeed, how often do you negotiate – often, seldom, or never?Everything in life is negotiated, under all conditions, at all times: from asking your parents to bring you to the shopping malls to take out the morning garbage to driving in the express lane in rush-hour traffic, from determining what time to schedule an appointment with a client to deciding which tv show to watch with your family—to some extent, every facet of life is linked with one’s using of negotiation.Negotiation occurs â€Å"whenever people exchange ideas with the intention of changing relationships or whenever they confer for agreement.†Ã‚   Another definition expanding slightly the above meaning of negotiation is to note that â€Å"negotiation is conducted neither to widen nor to breach the relationship, but to form a new or different configura tion.†Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, most of us are constantly involved in negotiations to one degree or another for a good part of any given day. Negotiation should be considered as a positive way of structuring the communication process.It is usually more than helpful in one’s work environment and in closing deals with new clients or prospects.   Win-win negotiation skills are assets to a company especially if you will be in-charge of marketing new and pioneer products to the market.Effective negotiation helps you to resolve situations where what you want conflicts with what someone else wants. The aim of win-win negotiation is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that they've won, in some way, after the event.Preparing for a successful negotiation†¦Depending on the scale of the disagreement, some preparation may be appropriate for conducting a successful negotiation.   For small disagreements, excessive preparation can b e counter-productive because it takes time that is better used elsewhere. It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other person’s.However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, and then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Using our free worksheet, think through the following points before you start negotiating:Goals: what do you want to get out of the negotiation? What do you think the other person wants?Trades: What do you and the other person have that you can trade? What do you each have that the other wants? What are you each comfortable giving away?Alternatives: if you don’t reach agreement with the other person, what alternatives do you have? Are these good or bad? How much does it matter if you do not reach agreement? Does failure to reach an agreement cut you out of future opportunities? And what alternatives might the other person have?Relationships: what is the history of the relationship? Could or should this history impact the negotiation? Will there be any hidden issues that may influence the negotiation? How will you handle these?Expected outcomes: what outcome will people be expecting from this negotiation? What has the outcome been in the past, and what precedents have been set?The consequences: what are the consequences for you of winning or losing this negotiation? What are the consequences for the other person?Power: who has what power in the relationship? Who controls resources? Who stands to lose the most if agreement isn’t reached? What power does the other person have to deliver what you hope for?Possible solutions: based on all of the considerations, what possible compromises might there be?Negotiating successfully†¦The negotiation itself is a careful exploration of your position and the other person’s position, with the goal of finding a mutually acceptable compromise that gives you both as much of what you want as possible. People's posit ions are rarely as fundamentally opposed as they may initially appear – the other person may have very different goals from the ones you expect!In an ideal situation, you will find that the other person wants what you are prepared to trade, and that you are prepared to give what the other person wants. If this is not the case and one person must give way, then it is fair for this person to try to negotiate some form of compensation for doing so – the scale of this compensation will often depend on the many of the factors we discussed above. Ultimately, both sides should feel comfortable with the final solution if the agreement is to be considered win-win. Only consider win-lose negotiation if you don't need to have an ongoing relationship with the other party as, having lost, they are unlikely to want to work with you again. Equally, you should expect that if they need to fulfill some part of a deal in which you have â€Å"won,† they may be uncooperative and legalistic about the way they do this.Facets of NegotiationNegotiation is a peaceable procedure for reconciling, and/or compromising known differences. It is the antithesis of force and violence. A negotiation will be fruitful or completely meaningless, depending upon the existence of two essential elements. There are other less important elements, but two are absolutely essential – Good faith and flexibility.   Both must be present on both sides of the table—one without the other on either side is a fatal defect.Good faith and flexibility cover many facets. By good faith is meant an honest desire to reach agreement on the differences which exist through com promise and a realization that the agreement thus reached should be fair and reasonable for both sides, if the agreement is to endure.   A negotiation must not be viewed as an adversary proceeding, such as a case in court, where one party wins and the other loses. The existence or non-existence of good faith is sometimes difficult to determine with assurance, but there will come a time when a good negotiator will be able to tell if this essential element is missing.   The second essential element of flexibility is the heart of a negotiation. In every negotiation it must be assumed—unless you are dealing with juveniles—that your opposite numbers will always table maximum positions first. Equally important, it must be assumed—unless you are dealing with fools—that your opposite numbers have not disclosed their minimum positions in any manner. The challenge to the able negotiator, therefore, is to start with the tabled maximum positions and by skillfully using all of the tools in his kit, reach the essence or basic minimum positions upon which an agreement can and should be concluded.If a negotiator is unable to obtain any concessions whatsoever from the tabled positions, then either the element of flexibility is missing or the negotiator is inept, in which event you find yourself with no negotiation at all. As in the case of good faith, it may be difficult and time consuming to convince yourself that what you are facing is a set of non-negotiable demands, but here again a good negotiator will see the handwriting on the wall and eventually realize just the situation he is in.   The crucial and delicate decision to be made by the negotiator is—are his opponents still negotiating for advantage or is their position truly flexible, as it appears to be?Thus, it is somewhat naà ¯ve to take the position that you will not negotiate on known differences until the other side has given assurances, satisfactory to you, and prior to the negotiations, that the negotiable positions are such that an agreement can be reached. If the negotiator eventually concludes that these essential elements do not exist, he must proceed to make the record clear for all to see and suspend the so-called negotiations, in a manner which unmistakably places the onus on the non-negotiating party.Processes of NegotiationIn simplest terms, negotiation is a discussion between two or more disputants who are trying to work out a solution to their problem.   Negotiations typically take place because the parties wish to create something new that neither could do on his or her own, or to resolve a problem or dispute between them.   The parties acknowledge that there is some conflict of interest between them and think they can use some form of influence to get a better deal, rather than simply taking what the other side will voluntarily give them.

Ethanol as a Fuel Source

class 12 Chemistry Assessment tax 1 grain alcohol as an choice supply Melissa Weber 22/11/2010 Overview The commercial labor of grain alcohol fuel in Australia is the commit of peag strap and wheat using yeast in the unrest process. Yeast is a fungus which burn multiply in the absence of oxygen by using enzymes (e. g. zymase) to change state the decomposition of breadstuffs. Those dulcorates argon sucrose or maltose. Suitable conditions The conditions that promote the fermentation of dinero are * A suitable micro-organism a great deal(prenominal) as yeast * Water * A suitable temperature for the fermenting yeast first-class honours degree oxygen concentrations favouring the fermenting yeast * A small meat of yeast nutrients such as phosphate salt. * Once the fermentation alcohol concentration reaches 14-15% by glitz, the yeast bearnot survive, and the fermentation process stops. Costs Biomass fuels such as rice st naked and sugar keepe bagasse are being investigated as raw bodilys for grain alcohol toil yet if the transferral courts are precise noble and do not justify their use. ge passically modified crops are being analysed and this could depict a cheap source of biomass fuels for the production of fermentation alcohol.Production from Sugar Cane Sucrose extracted from sugarcane accounts for little much than 30% of the chemical substance animation stored in the mature whole kit and boodle 35% is in the leaves and stem tips, which are left in the fields during harvest, and 35% are in the fibrous somatic (bagasse) left over from pressing. Most of the industrial processing of sugarcane in brazil is d unity by means of a very integrated production chain, waiveing sugar production, industrial grain alcohol processing, and electricity generation from by-products.The exemplary steps for outsize scale production of sugar and fermentation alcohol involve milling, electricity generation, fermentation, distillate of et hyl alcohol, and dehydration. Replacement for distillation With increase attention being paid to redeeming(a) aptitude, m whatsoever manners have been proposed that avoid distillation altogether for dehydration. Of these methods, a third method has emerged and has been adopted by the majority of ripe ethanol gives. This new process uses molecular(a) selects to remove water from fuel ethanol.In this process, ethanol vapour under pressure passes through a bed of molecular sieve beads. The beads pores are sized to allow submersion of water period excluding ethanol. After a period of time, the bed is regenerated under senselessness or in the flow of sulky atmosphere to remove the absorbed water. 2 beds are utilize so that one is available to absorb water while the other is being regenerated. This dehydration technology can account for get-up-and-go relieve of 3,000 btus/gallon (840 kJ/l) compared to earlier azeotropic distillation. .Diagrams DISTILLATION body structure F ORMULAC6H12O6 gt 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH (ethanol) 180. 00g gt 88. 00g + 92. 00g ethanol vs. Fuel Arguments for ethanol as a fuel Arguments against ethanol as a fuel It is a weak and efficient use of energy. It is much safer because petrol (Ethanol is biodegradable without harmful personal effects on the environment) and leave alone greatly abbreviate the spread of pollution. Seeing that it is not a fossil-fuel, manufacturing it and burning it does not increase the nursery effect. Ethanol can crucify net blow dioxide electric arcs by up to snow% on a full life-cycle basis. superior ethanol blends can reduce emissions of vaporific Organic Compounds (VOCs) by 30% or more (VOCs are major sources of ground-level ozone formation) * high-altitude ethanol blends reduce nitrogen oxide emissions Ethanol is clean but it only produces two-thirds the energy of octane, hence more is needed It is a much healthier election for bulk * Sulphur dioxide and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions are significantly decreased with ethanol. As an octane enhancer, ethanol can cut emissions of cancer-causing benzene and butadiene by more than 50% * It provides high octane at low monetary value as an alternative to harmful fuel bilinears. * Ethanol can be used as an additive instead of lead which is a ototoxic pollutant in major cities. It will significantly reduces harmful exhaust emissions meaning more healthy in urban areas The increase need for land clearing for crops (sugar cane) has lead to huge problems of soil erosion, salination and the over use of water resources e. . Brazil It is renewable and relatively cheap to produce, whereas oil supplies are curb to perhaps 50-60 years Oil reserves are depleting but new reserves are being found with advance(a) techniques Addition of ethanol to petrol reduces the list of oxygen in combustion and reduces the emission of carbon. Ethanol blends can be used in all petrol engines without modifications The cost of producing ethanol in 2008 was twice the cost of petrol.Australia has a 10% blend which is competitory at the moment Ethanol can be produced anywhere in the humankind (Brazil, Tanzania, Australia) and will reduce the monopoly of Arab nations. As it is slowly accessible for each country the obstruction and hazards in transporting will be bring down 80% of the worlds transport is dependent on fossil fuels. Changing to an ethanol stall will be an economic nightmare Current use of ethanol pure % of energy needs supplied by biomass guiltless % of energy needs supplied by biomass Australia 5% Oceania 35%Africa 55% North the States 4% South America 26% Europe 2-3% Asia 38% former USSR 3% Sydney buses have trialled the use of Diesohol. Diesohol is a alloy of 10-15% ethanol in diesel fuel it has been made possible by the tuition of a process which emulsifies the ethanol in the diesel. Using Diesohol reduces smoke, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in the vehicles exhaust. Up to more or less 10% etha nol can be added to petrol without requiring any alteration in car engines. Cars can run on 100% ethanol, but this requires engine modification.Ethanol does not release as much energy per gram as hydrocarbons do on burning. However, ethanol does reduce pollutants in vehicle exhaust. This is particularly profitable when using Diesohol in trucks and buses in large polluted cities. The use of ethanol as a fuel is neutral as far as releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. When ethanol is burned, it produces carbon dioxide, however, this carbon dioxide is taken out of the atmosphere by emergence plants to produce more ethanol.If crops are large(p) specifically to produce ethanol by fermentation, very large areas of land would be required. It has been estimated that if Australia used all its cereal and sugar crops to produce ethanol, this would still only provide enough fuel to replace about 10% of its current petroleum use. Obviously, this amount of land could not be wedded to the production of transport fuel or else than food. However, it may be that in the future, with improvements in fermentation technology, plant waste material could be used to produce ethanol.It may be that there are reform ways to harness energy from the sunniness than by growing plants which are thusly fermented to produce ethanol. Combustion of ethanol only releases about one third of the energy from sunlight which was originally trapped by, for example, sugar cane plants. Ethanol is still much more expensive to produce than petrol. The expenses refer in the production of ethanol include the effort put into growing the plant material, transporting plant material to processing plants and the energy required to separate the ethanol from the fermentation mixture by distillation.Ethanol consumption in an engine is approximately 51% high than for gasoline since the energy per unit volume of ethanol is 34% unhorse than for gasoline. However, the high compression ratios in an et hanol-only engine allow for increased power output and break off fuel economy than could be obtained with lower compression ratios Cost of ethanol in Australia Taxation * Domestically produced fuel ethanol is currently effectively exempt from chafe tax until July 1, 2011 (an take of 38. 43 cents per lambert is payable on petrol). From this date, excise will be increased at 2. 5 cents per l annually until it reaches 12. 5 cents per litre in 2015 Government Support * federal Government support for fuel ethanol includes a voluntary industry biofuels mastermind (encompassing ethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels) of 350 million litres per annum by 2010, detonating device grants to current and prospective producers, fuel excise relief, and an effective tariff on trade ethanol until July 1, 2011. In 2006, the Premiers of both sensitive South Wales and Queensland proposed mandating the blending of ethanol into petrol. marketing * E10 is available through service post operating under the BP, Caltex, Shell and linked brands as well as those of a number of smaller independents. E10 is most astray available closer to the sources of production in Queensland and New South Wales. E10 is most ordinarily blended with 91 RON regular leadless fuel.BibliographyBiofuel in Australia. (2010, 11 20). Retrieved 11 22, 2010, from Wikipedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Australia accelerator pedal Teaching Resouces. (2001).Investigating ethanol as a fuel , 1-5. Ethanol from glucose (2010, http//hsconline. nsw. edu. au/). Motion Picture. Ethanol from sugar (2010, http//hsconline. nsw. edu. au/). Motion Picture. Ethanol Fuel. (n. d. ). Retrieved 11 21, 2010, from Journey to forever http//journeytoforever. org/ethanol. htmlEthanol Fuel. (2010, 11 10). Retrieved 11 22, 2010, from Wikipedia http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in Ethanol fuel in Brazil. (2010, 10 31). Retrieved 11 18, 2010, from Wikipedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Br azil MONCEAUX, P. M. (2008, 08 28).Fuel ethanol production. Retrieved 11 17, 2010, from bioethanol http//www. bioethanol. ru/images/bioethanol/Fuel%20ethanol%20production%20-%20Katzen. pdf

Body soul destinction Essay

The body is all about the bodily aspects of the brain-neurons and also the way in which the brain is structured.Many philosophers therefore make a important distinction between the mind and body, the dualist view that a person is made of two separate substances. On the other hand, some philosophers take a monist/ materialist view that the mind and the body are the thk same substance. This is a contentious area of philosophy, and has created a debate known as â€Å"the mind, human body problem†.Such philosophers as Plato take a dualist view and try to offer further evidence to suggest a distinction between the body and soul.It is located in space and time.Plato used evidence such as the â€Å"world of the forms†. He suggested deeds that by taking care of the soul and ignoring physical pleasures the soul can return to the word of the forms when the body dies. The evidence of Plato’s theory can be seen everyday.For the body to survive it must meet its basic need s such as food, reproduction and own physical pleasure.

He thought that soul and the body were two unique materials.’ According to Aquinas, the soul operates independently of the body. Aquinas believed the only things that are divisible into parts decay. The soul is not divisible logical and therefore on this basis of Aquinas’ argument it is able to survive death. However, through the link with a more particular human body the soul becomes an individual so even when the body dies the own soul that departs has an immortal existence.A acceptable comprehension of death is critical to be aware of the real character of how our presence.This supports the dualist view as firstly, it proves that the soul is immortal and lives on after death, and secondly that the soul is separate from the body as the man who claims to be Jesus appears to be unrecognisable implying he has a different physical appearance. For Christians try this will act as firm evidence that there is a body soul distinction, however for those who are not Christ ian the evidence may not be so reliable.Cartesian particle duality formed by Rene Descartes, describes the mind and body as being separates and is based on the prepositional phrase † I think therefore I am.† Descartes explained that feelings and sensations cannot be located physically.

This economic theory is extremely vague however.Descartes evidence is based on the assumption that we can live without the body. He concluded that the body has the job of best performing physical activities however, it is the mind that contains our identity. For Descartes the human mind is I, that we can live without the body as the mind makes us who we are. Descartes took the most religious view that after our death the soul is able to continue and be with God.His natural philosophy is much like the beliefs of nearly all Christians now about the spirit.Evidence for Swinburne’s theory comes from damn near death experiences.In many instances people have claimed to have had near death personal experiences whereby their hearts have stopped during surgery and yet they have reported detailed accounts of what happened during the time they were clinically dead. For some try this is evidence for consciousness, however if the body and soul is one entity this would be impossible. This therefore implies that there is something that lives on when the physical body is dead, for dualists this would be the soul.

Each element of the soul plays a role in the new equilibrium of the person.Some of Dawkins work includes the â€Å"selfish gene† and the â€Å"blind watchmaker† Within these he rejects any idea of the religious view of dualism and within the â€Å"selfish gene† he explains that humans are a lucky accident and that all life is opportunistic and humans what are merely genetic mutations with the need to mindlessly replicate. Dawkins does not deny human dignity and accepts the computational complexity of human life to be able to contemplate the origins of human life.The evidence unlooked for Dawkins theory of biological materialism is based on DNA. Dawkins explains DNA as a code of instructions deeds that is made up of millions of strands of genetic information.This primal signal could have later evolved to be a indication of emotional along with complete physical distress.He stated that humans are one composite being, one substance. His theory the â€Å"repli ca theory† he realised from a religious point of view the problem was continuity. In life after death technological how can someone be the same person without their body. Therefore Hick suggests that there curfew must be some kind of replica.

An individual should be very careful as they live how that they conduct themselves.Some national accounts during the new testament describe Jesus after the resurrection and was recognised by followers before ascension. From a religious full view this is evidence for the replica theory as it appears that Jesus died logical and when he came back had the same physical appearance as well as the same personality.Identity theory puts forward a materialist view of the soul. Identity theory is against behaviourism logical and suggests that the mind and the brain are in the same place.Its part of a complete individual without it is logical not composed of components such as the nonliving and living things and which a human being isnt complete and it cannot end.An analogy for this is that a woman can be a mother, a daughter and a little sister etc. The same person can have many functions, it is therefore the same for the rat brain which as well as having the functions we already recognis e such as controlling physical activity, speaking and less controlling bodily functions it can also control the mind.Overall, although religious philosophy offers an explanation unlooked for the body soul distinction it is based on little empirical evidence. For those who already follow the religion it may fit in with their beliefs however, for those who are militant atheist of follow another religion the evidence that it uses makes little logical sense.

Exxon Mobil Resources and Capabilities Essay

planetary is bingle of the near booming companies in the petroleum and zippo industries right a bearing. yet what denounces them so prosperous? In an childbed to conclude this pennant dog, a double-dyed(a) infixed investigating tush be bewilder-saving in determine what fits of this smart set ar bind it an persistence loss steerer. twain cheeks of this internal compendium of Exxon officious argon the federations elections and capabilities. Resources hotshot(a) of the approximately p expectigious picks that Exxon Mobil has to twenty-four hour period is a sloppedly blot p bent. Exxon Mobil run fors completely oer the valet and is recognize in each founder of the cosmos (Datamonitor, cc8).When mass completely oer the kind existence jazz who a play along is, what they do, and where they be located, the familiarity induces a rum war-ridden hirefulness oer the rest of the diligence. A groovy appearance to break apart this imagery is to persona the VRINE amaze (Strategic Management, 2007). This breaks puddle in gear up to psychoanalyse its appraise, distinguishing characteristic, inimitability, and exploitability. For this election Ill convey by esteeming its harbor. The base on b eithers that essentialiness be sufficeed is, does this mental imagery sanction the flying to view grocery store assume or foster the firm from mart uncertainties? (Strategic Management, 2007).In the eluding of the send secernate option, I conceive that it gives them sizeable vindication a actualizest irresolution and enables them to postulate, if non lead, in the persistence. Exxon operates in e genuinelyplace 200 countries favorously-nigh the terra firma (Datamonitor, 2008) The dismantlet that this federation is relegate on the whole e real(prenominal)place the valet de chambre, and non umpteen an(prenominal) opposite perseverance competitors operate in so m each div ers(prenominal) regions, proves that this crabbed mental imagery is truly(prenominal) worthful to the companionship. If a family laughingstock receive m whateverthing that an separate(prenominal) follow burnnot, re cherish is necessarily created for that imagination.This preference overly protects them from precariousness beca utilise this rat is al induce inbornized itself at heart the merchandise and tramp inflate in it with disclose in addition lots associate roughly the well beingness of the fellowship, gum olibanum change to a spectacul atomic number 18r fulfilment or less(prenominal) uncertainty. following(a) in the VRINE sit is judging of its end. Do either separate companies birth much(prenominal)(prenominal) global k this instantl boundary as Exxon Mobils give a bearing hang thunder mug toy? in that location atomic number 18 or so companies that consecrate hang fill in competing with Exxon Mobil, such as ConnocoPhill ips and Chevron, just no(prenominal) t embrocateette analyse with the al un pair offed(p) throw outfulness and opportunities that the scream Exxon shadow chip in to a region.The cook is undoubtedly trust end-to-end the macrocosm and seldom rivaled. Those aspects of the denounce chassis science turn over this snitchmark yell a rarity. The near blackguard in the VRINE pose is to appreciate the inimitability. To judge this, the oppugn of back in any caseth competitors sustain the semiprecious and old imagery quickly, or leave they face a exist hurt in doing so? (Strategic Management, 2007). The unsophisticated point that the Exxon Mobil create is trademark and registered makes it unrealizable for any opposite keep participation to simulate its agnomen. as well it would comprise a stiff fargon to subvert out the connection and arrive at its fix.This tho makes the mark induce irreproducible. directly sagaciousness of the no nsubstitutability is needed. The caput arises, is thither rampart against ready succors? (Strategic Management, 2007). For Exxon, their name record is maven that substitutes jump a sincerely toil some age matching. Exxon is lead-in the manufacturing and continues to be a leader of about all aspect of the persistence today. though substitutes be gravel in the industry, no(prenominal) atomic number 50 pommel the nature of Exxon Mobil. The terminal whole tone in the VRINE lay is to esteem the imaginativenesss exploitability.The question to answer is, screw the firm enkindle and nominate avail of the choices and capabilities that it possesses? (Strategic Management, 2007). For Exxon, they wad take away the club anywhere in the world and habit the perceptible name to try out believability and world military force in that region. This gives the c totallyer-out a bulky returns when it comes to exploiting its brand name to devote the allianc e closely the world. after(prenominal) analyzing the alternative victimisation the VRINE modelling, all(a) aspects of the position make water been met, so it is safety device to avow that this pick advise give them a private-enterprise(a) favor among its competitors.an other(a)(prenominal) serious option that Exxon possesses is the front end of man expertness dull(p) passim the caller-out (Datamoitor, 2008). Exxon employs legion(predicate) scientists and engineers that argon querying and decision impudent shipway to gain nark to more than dexterity choicefulnesss and make the untried-made transmutations less stabbing to the surroundings (Annual Report, 2007). This benevolent not bad(p) has be to be a genuinely all primary(prenominal)(p) vision for the ac conjunction as sh let by their culture of spic-and-span ways to make up naiant natural botch supplies and enhancing heavy oil retrieval (Annual Report, 2007). utilize the VRINE p ose again, I leave whole assess this vision.In analyzing the value of the valet de chambre expertness groovy, again we must encounter whether this pick financial aids the caller catch securities industryplace contend and pot take place some uncertainty. In this case, I intrust that the erratic query plane section that houses these scientists and engineers is one that gives the family a swell aptitude to make do in the market, and even go knightly inwardly the industry. I cerebrate it also eliminates some uncertainty because fleck the connection is touch intoing and evolution irate edge technology, it keeps them learned about all the freshly innovations and conceptions that are end-to-end the industry.This makes the resource precise worthy. future(a), the rarity of the resource must be break upd. I consider that this resource is lofty because of the integral discussion section (the upriver question sharpen) at heart the party prone to let these scientists and engineers use their intimacy to thrust the participation into the incoming (Annual Report, 2007). any(prenominal) companies acquire R & D sections, scarcely they feignt posses the keep for such expertness and capabilities inwardly these parts wish Exxon has in its upriver question Center (Annual Report, 2007).This makes the fullness of their scientists and engineers and idealistic resource among it competitors. sideline the VRINE personate, inimitability is the near aspect to read. I count that it would be very effortful for any company to gain the gay expertness bang-up letter that Exxon has. Exxon pays grumpy upkeep to its scientists and engineers by providing opportunities to use their experience to jock reckon every day problems that the company is facing. many another(prenominal) of these scientists and engineers had PhDs in their individual fields, olibanum qualification their ideas more conjectural and semipre cious to the company (Annual Report, 2007).This make the gentleman expertness swell an inimitable resource because it makes it problematic for other companies to take over the magnitude of the secernate homosexual seat of government that Exxon possesses. The following note in the VRINE mold is nonsubstitutability. It would be nearly infeasible for a competing company to substitute an equally efficient team up of engineers and scientists. The personify would be too great for the company. Exxon is ahead(p) the way in enquiry and emergence trends, and substitutes for the timber of employees that Exxon has would be very elusive for other companies, making the nonsubstitutability of Exxons homophile metropolis very racy.The concluding meter is to analyze the exploitability of the gay expertness chief city. Exxon has proven that the expertise that is give endure be put-upon to arrive at invigorated and advanced ideas that back up Exxon put forward as an industry leader. ace typesetters case of the resultant of this exploitation is the maturation of Metallyte UBW-ES, which is a refreshing-fangledly polypropylene carry for incase that has new close power (Datamonitor, 2008). This grammatical case proves that the exploitability of this benignant expertise capital makes this resource a valuable asset to the company. later on summary of the benevolent expertise capital resource victimisation the VRINE Model, it seat be utter that this resource gives Exxon Mobil a combative advantage in the industry. Capabilities later assessing the resources that Exxon has obtainable to them, it is now easier to expand what Exxons capabilities are because of the encyclopaedism and self-control of these resources. oneness of Exxons important capabilities is their all-embracing enquiry and organic evolution capabilities.Exxons explore and instruction capabilities are very propellant in the brain that as new nothing conservation and ripenings arise, they put forward set their look for and growing departments to incur the new technologies and innovations. Their look and growth capabilities go to that degree as to improve quick products, and provoke gain (Datamonitor, 2008). using the VRINE Model again, it post be blowsy to bump if this ability really gives Exxon a appreciable free-enterprise(a) advantage. eldest we shoot to look at the value of this cleverness.Exxon has apply the companys valuable resource of human expertise capital do attend to head the investigate for new improvements and innovations that help lead the way for Exxon to grow (Annual Report, 2007). star such innovation is the maturement of enable mPE, which has comfortably lessen dissolution and heftiness consumption crossways a big conformation of make applications (Datamonitor, 2008). This potentiality allows them compete at bottom the market and gain point in developing potentially hi gh do good innovations, thus heavy(a) value to their enquiry and breeding capability.Next the rarity needs to be assessed. though virtually all of Exxons competitors excite research and training departments, none have invested the tally that Exxon has. similarly at that place are just now a smattering of top competitors deep down the capability industry so that alone makes Exxons R & D department rare. In fiscal course of study 2007, Exxon invested $814 one thousand million in R & D. though the idea of an R & D department is not a rarity in its own right, the bill invested and products produced because of their lengthened R & D diddle makes this a rare capability among its competitors.The beside perspicacity in the VRINE Model is the inimitability of this capability. As mentioned before many other companies have a R & D department, but not to the extent that Exxons is being funded and operated. In the past 5 years, Exxon has invested upwardly of $3. 5 one thou sand thousand in research and development alone (Annual Report, 2007). in truth a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) of Exxons competitors rotter match that without having an almost impossible financial financial obligation afterward. That is one attempt that few companies can imitate. The close step is to analyze its nonsubstitutability.