Ethanol as a Fuel Source

class 12 Chemistry Assessment tax 1 grain alcohol as an choice supply Melissa Weber 22/11/2010 Overview The commercial labor of grain alcohol fuel in Australia is the commit of peag strap and wheat using yeast in the unrest process. Yeast is a fungus which burn multiply in the absence of oxygen by using enzymes (e. g. zymase) to change state the decomposition of breadstuffs. Those dulcorates argon sucrose or maltose. Suitable conditions The conditions that promote the fermentation of dinero are * A suitable micro-organism a great deal(prenominal) as yeast * Water * A suitable temperature for the fermenting yeast first-class honours degree oxygen concentrations favouring the fermenting yeast * A small meat of yeast nutrients such as phosphate salt. * Once the fermentation alcohol concentration reaches 14-15% by glitz, the yeast bearnot survive, and the fermentation process stops. Costs Biomass fuels such as rice st naked and sugar keepe bagasse are being investigated as raw bodilys for grain alcohol toil yet if the transferral courts are precise noble and do not justify their use. ge passically modified crops are being analysed and this could depict a cheap source of biomass fuels for the production of fermentation alcohol.Production from Sugar Cane Sucrose extracted from sugarcane accounts for little much than 30% of the chemical substance animation stored in the mature whole kit and boodle 35% is in the leaves and stem tips, which are left in the fields during harvest, and 35% are in the fibrous somatic (bagasse) left over from pressing. Most of the industrial processing of sugarcane in brazil is d unity by means of a very integrated production chain, waiveing sugar production, industrial grain alcohol processing, and electricity generation from by-products.The exemplary steps for outsize scale production of sugar and fermentation alcohol involve milling, electricity generation, fermentation, distillate of et hyl alcohol, and dehydration. Replacement for distillation With increase attention being paid to redeeming(a) aptitude, m whatsoever manners have been proposed that avoid distillation altogether for dehydration. Of these methods, a third method has emerged and has been adopted by the majority of ripe ethanol gives. This new process uses molecular(a) selects to remove water from fuel ethanol.In this process, ethanol vapour under pressure passes through a bed of molecular sieve beads. The beads pores are sized to allow submersion of water period excluding ethanol. After a period of time, the bed is regenerated under senselessness or in the flow of sulky atmosphere to remove the absorbed water. 2 beds are utilize so that one is available to absorb water while the other is being regenerated. This dehydration technology can account for get-up-and-go relieve of 3,000 btus/gallon (840 kJ/l) compared to earlier azeotropic distillation. .Diagrams DISTILLATION body structure F ORMULAC6H12O6 gt 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH (ethanol) 180. 00g gt 88. 00g + 92. 00g ethanol vs. Fuel Arguments for ethanol as a fuel Arguments against ethanol as a fuel It is a weak and efficient use of energy. It is much safer because petrol (Ethanol is biodegradable without harmful personal effects on the environment) and leave alone greatly abbreviate the spread of pollution. Seeing that it is not a fossil-fuel, manufacturing it and burning it does not increase the nursery effect. Ethanol can crucify net blow dioxide electric arcs by up to snow% on a full life-cycle basis. superior ethanol blends can reduce emissions of vaporific Organic Compounds (VOCs) by 30% or more (VOCs are major sources of ground-level ozone formation) * high-altitude ethanol blends reduce nitrogen oxide emissions Ethanol is clean but it only produces two-thirds the energy of octane, hence more is needed It is a much healthier election for bulk * Sulphur dioxide and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions are significantly decreased with ethanol. As an octane enhancer, ethanol can cut emissions of cancer-causing benzene and butadiene by more than 50% * It provides high octane at low monetary value as an alternative to harmful fuel bilinears. * Ethanol can be used as an additive instead of lead which is a ototoxic pollutant in major cities. It will significantly reduces harmful exhaust emissions meaning more healthy in urban areas The increase need for land clearing for crops (sugar cane) has lead to huge problems of soil erosion, salination and the over use of water resources e. . Brazil It is renewable and relatively cheap to produce, whereas oil supplies are curb to perhaps 50-60 years Oil reserves are depleting but new reserves are being found with advance(a) techniques Addition of ethanol to petrol reduces the list of oxygen in combustion and reduces the emission of carbon. Ethanol blends can be used in all petrol engines without modifications The cost of producing ethanol in 2008 was twice the cost of petrol.Australia has a 10% blend which is competitory at the moment Ethanol can be produced anywhere in the humankind (Brazil, Tanzania, Australia) and will reduce the monopoly of Arab nations. As it is slowly accessible for each country the obstruction and hazards in transporting will be bring down 80% of the worlds transport is dependent on fossil fuels. Changing to an ethanol stall will be an economic nightmare Current use of ethanol pure % of energy needs supplied by biomass guiltless % of energy needs supplied by biomass Australia 5% Oceania 35%Africa 55% North the States 4% South America 26% Europe 2-3% Asia 38% former USSR 3% Sydney buses have trialled the use of Diesohol. Diesohol is a alloy of 10-15% ethanol in diesel fuel it has been made possible by the tuition of a process which emulsifies the ethanol in the diesel. Using Diesohol reduces smoke, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in the vehicles exhaust. Up to more or less 10% etha nol can be added to petrol without requiring any alteration in car engines. Cars can run on 100% ethanol, but this requires engine modification.Ethanol does not release as much energy per gram as hydrocarbons do on burning. However, ethanol does reduce pollutants in vehicle exhaust. This is particularly profitable when using Diesohol in trucks and buses in large polluted cities. The use of ethanol as a fuel is neutral as far as releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. When ethanol is burned, it produces carbon dioxide, however, this carbon dioxide is taken out of the atmosphere by emergence plants to produce more ethanol.If crops are large(p) specifically to produce ethanol by fermentation, very large areas of land would be required. It has been estimated that if Australia used all its cereal and sugar crops to produce ethanol, this would still only provide enough fuel to replace about 10% of its current petroleum use. Obviously, this amount of land could not be wedded to the production of transport fuel or else than food. However, it may be that in the future, with improvements in fermentation technology, plant waste material could be used to produce ethanol.It may be that there are reform ways to harness energy from the sunniness than by growing plants which are thusly fermented to produce ethanol. Combustion of ethanol only releases about one third of the energy from sunlight which was originally trapped by, for example, sugar cane plants. Ethanol is still much more expensive to produce than petrol. The expenses refer in the production of ethanol include the effort put into growing the plant material, transporting plant material to processing plants and the energy required to separate the ethanol from the fermentation mixture by distillation.Ethanol consumption in an engine is approximately 51% high than for gasoline since the energy per unit volume of ethanol is 34% unhorse than for gasoline. However, the high compression ratios in an et hanol-only engine allow for increased power output and break off fuel economy than could be obtained with lower compression ratios Cost of ethanol in Australia Taxation * Domestically produced fuel ethanol is currently effectively exempt from chafe tax until July 1, 2011 (an take of 38. 43 cents per lambert is payable on petrol). From this date, excise will be increased at 2. 5 cents per l annually until it reaches 12. 5 cents per litre in 2015 Government Support * federal Government support for fuel ethanol includes a voluntary industry biofuels mastermind (encompassing ethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels) of 350 million litres per annum by 2010, detonating device grants to current and prospective producers, fuel excise relief, and an effective tariff on trade ethanol until July 1, 2011. In 2006, the Premiers of both sensitive South Wales and Queensland proposed mandating the blending of ethanol into petrol. marketing * E10 is available through service post operating under the BP, Caltex, Shell and linked brands as well as those of a number of smaller independents. E10 is most astray available closer to the sources of production in Queensland and New South Wales. E10 is most ordinarily blended with 91 RON regular leadless fuel.BibliographyBiofuel in Australia. (2010, 11 20). Retrieved 11 22, 2010, from Wikipedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Australia accelerator pedal Teaching Resouces. (2001).Investigating ethanol as a fuel , 1-5. Ethanol from glucose (2010, http//hsconline. nsw. edu. au/). Motion Picture. Ethanol from sugar (2010, http//hsconline. nsw. edu. au/). Motion Picture. Ethanol Fuel. (n. d. ). Retrieved 11 21, 2010, from Journey to forever http//journeytoforever. org/ethanol. htmlEthanol Fuel. (2010, 11 10). Retrieved 11 22, 2010, from Wikipedia http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in Ethanol fuel in Brazil. (2010, 10 31). Retrieved 11 18, 2010, from Wikipedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Br azil MONCEAUX, P. M. (2008, 08 28).Fuel ethanol production. Retrieved 11 17, 2010, from bioethanol http//www. bioethanol. ru/images/bioethanol/Fuel%20ethanol%20production%20-%20Katzen. pdf