Child Prostitution Essay

Ch li fitting(p)er 1IntroductionJuvenile whoredom is a great puzzle and non some people ar alive(predicate) of it. In some cases recent harlotry start as a voluntary typify but in new(prenominal) cases in that location be girls who atomic come across 18 being kidnap just with the purpose of sh being them for sex. near of these s arouserren leave home to get around physical or familiar jest at or neglect. Unfortunately, many end up on the highways. With expose legitimate factor of support and a safe place to stay, they are a lot victimised again through and through with(predicate) pornography, inner victimization, and drugs. Juvenile harlotry could be qualify as the time in which a teen climb on under the eon of 18 engage in inner activities in modify of funds, property, or for mainly some other(a) reason than satisfy iodine emotional or informal needs. When we think of juvenile harlotry we usually think that these girls dish out their self f or pleasure or be catch they want to but, the reality is that this crime is change magnitude to a level that our teenagers are decent like slaves. tyke prostitutes muckle be any age. The babyren are most often between 11 and 18 long time of age but some may be as unsalted as 18 months. These electric razorren usually come from modest homes and are lured by seemingly kind older hands who cry them feed and shelter. These men whence become their procurers and exploit the peasantren for their aver fiscal gain. Child prostitutes are poorly paid if they are paid at all, kept in unsanitary snarfditions, denied health consider, and are constantly watched and kept subservient. Child prostitutes are putting surfacely threatened and ribd both physically and psychologically. Pimps similarly use drugs as a tactic. The cater result invite the pip-squeak to a party and provide them with their first taste of drugs. The churl accordingly becomes hooked and volition perform prostitution services in exchange for more(prenominal) of the drug.Alternativly, the pimp may find a child who is already a drug user and promise to feed their fix in exchange for work. They have multiple sex partners on a daily basis and are bought and sold by exploiters. galore( stockpilenominal) engagement diseases oftentimes(prenominal)(prenominal) as tubercolosis( TB ) , hepatitis-b, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Children are often forced by amicable structures and some(prenominal)(prenominal) agents into situations in which adults sop up advantage of their vulnerability and sexually exploit and scream them. Structure and agency comm that combine to force a child into commercial sex for example, the prostitution of a child frequently follows from forward sexual annoyance, often in the childs home. Child prostitution usually takes place in particular environments, such(prenominal ) as brothels, forbid and clubs, or homes, or particular streets and areas (usually in complaisantly run have places).According to unmatchable study, besides about 10% of child prostitutes have a pimp and over 45% got into the business through friends. sometimes it is not organized, but often it is, either on a be pocket-sizedd scale through individual pimps or on a large scale through extensive criminal networks. They oftenare undernourish and practice poor hygiene, leaving them vulner up to(p) to disease. These children rarely have the pass off to experience the simple joys of being a teenr learning to cohere with friends, attending school and graduating from high school. They are robbed of their childhood and thrust into a action of turmoil and danger. It is found in this study that most trafficked children were children from families with heavy sparing situations and had little opportunity for schooling or education.It is very common that a legal age of them quit s chooling to work for their familys survival. The child may face long- boundary physical health problems caused by sexual hollo. This may include internal injury and reproductive problems for females. If a child prostitute does get pregnant she is unlikely to carry to full endpoint and the newborn is likely to have festeringal setbacks and a high sister mortality rate. If the child does survive, the juvenile mother is unlikely to be able to financial aid for it properly and the child may fall victim to the corresponding problems as the mother in what is termed the chain effect.Child prostitutes are too known to face profound psychological damage. They feel as if they deal trust no one and often feel worthless. psychological hurt is a huge danger of child prostitution and can allow in depression, anti-social behaviour, anxiety, dissociation, and run-traumatic stress perturbation. Child prostitutes may enagage in self-mutilation and be abandoned to suicidal tendencies many child prostitutes do not make it to adulthood.Chapter 2 harlotryProstitution is the practice of engaging in sexual occupation in exchange for money, property or services, mainly for reasons other than material ones own sexual or emotional needs. The term juvenile prostitution is used when prostitutes are minors, under 18 geezerhood old. Although the age of majority varies from one country to another, juvenile prostitution is geted smuggled in Philippines, as elsewhere in the human. Coleman (1989) defines a prostitute as a) an individual who repeatedly engages in sexual activity with others who would not otherwise stand in any special dealingship b) expects remuneration in the form of currency or the necessities of action in return for such activities. Prostitution inevitably involves two main groups prostitututes, the majority of whom are womwn andtheir clients, who are almost exclusively men.Often, a third type of protagonist is too baffling the pimp or procurer or any other person who profits from prostitution. In take placeing with the general image, pimps can be unscrupulous individuals who profit from and live on the avails of prostitution of women they have seduced into becoming prostitutes. This type of procurer is called a coercive pimp. Pimp can withal be drug dealers, the owner of dance bars or take in services or even the spouses of prostitutes. Since the individuals facilitate and even encourage prostitution, they are reffered to as support pimps. Each of them profit from the sexual activities of women in their own particular way. (Coleman, 1989 Caplan, 1984).The MythsThe social phenomenon of female juvenile prostitution is a estimable problem that is difficult to understand and troublesome to acknowledge. The fact that young girls are finding their way into the complex system of prostitution is often met with disbelief. Many myths and stereotypes exist about prostitution. Without an understanding of these, one cannot fully apprecia te the exploitation factors that exist for the juvenile. (Wang, 1984)Myth 1 Prostitution is a natural materialization of sexuality and necessity for in a dequate sexual relationships This view supports a sexual myth that men have uncontrollable sexual urges that essential be fulfilled. Herein lies a justification for prostitution. The juvenile prostitute is take down by the implication that prostitutes serve a useful purpose as an object for sexual gratification. The reality, as described by our sample of designer juvenile prostitutes, is that juvenile prostitutes are often appalled at and neuter by the acts demanded of them. Their participation is often a threat to their physical well-being. The act of prostitution is structured by the desires and fantasies of the node, which are incongruent with the desires and sensitivities expressed by the young women in this sample.Myth 2 Prostitution is a victimless crime.Prostitution creates a setting whereby crimes against men, women, and children become a commercial enterprise. When a customer uses a juvenile prostitute for his or her own sexual gratification, he or she is committingthe crime of child sexual pace. It is an assault when he or she forces a prostitute to engage in sadomasochistic sex scenes. When a pimp compels a prostitute to submit to sexual demands as a condition of employment, it is exploitation, sexual harassment, or rape acts that are based on the prostitutes compliance rather than her consent. The fact that a pimp or customer gives money to a prostitute for submitting to these acts does not alter the fact that child sexual abuse, rape, and/or battery occurs it merely redefines these crimes as prostitution.Myth 3 Juveniles freely choose prostitution.The pursuit self-reported data on the uphold of child exploitation shows that victims of violence can lose their reason of psychological and physical wellbeing. Case histories suggest that a number of juveniles engaged in prostitution grew u p in abusive and/or tatterdemalion homes. A fragile self-esteem and limited resources lead some young girls to believe that they had no other choice but to enter the world of prostitution.Myth 4 Prostitution can be an exciting and glamourous life.Cultural mythology about prostitution is built on mis randomness and fantasies of sexuality that are promulgated through movies, television, videotapes, and printed material including pornography. These may entice naive young women into prostitution with false promises of glamour and riches. In reality juvenile prostitutes back up pain, humiliation, and degradation at the hands of their pimps and customers. They are susceptible to sexually transmit diseases and unwanted pregnancies.Myth 5 The system of prostitution offers wealth to the participant. The political economy of prostitution are complex. If a juvenile is controlled by a pimp or madam most, if not all, of his or her earnings are move over to the pimp or madam. If working sel f-sufficingly for a kinsperson of prostitution a large percentage of his or her earnings are turned back to the house. Their lives are strictly controlled, and their ability to set up independent funds is carefully guarded. Part of the strategy for cont rol ove r their activities is for pimps and madams to keep them economically dependent upon the system of prostitution itself. Any profit is often spent as fastlyas it is obtained, reinforcing the efforts that go into prostitution. A rapid turnover of feel good or look good money into immediately expendable, positively reinforcing products perpetuates the need for continued participation in prostitution.Chapter 3The Role of inner squallProstitution is frequently alluded to as one of the assertable long term effect of the sexual abuse of children (Bagley and King, 1990 Coleman, 1989 McMullen, 1987). opus the statistical evidence is contradictory, the incidence of physical and sexual abuse is enormously high not solo among Ame rican prostitutes. Li et al. (1990) review several authors who assert that prostitutes have more often experienced incest and forced sexual congress than non-prostitutes. Such claims warrant a detailed investigation into the effects of sexual abuse on the child and its correlation with subsequent prostitution. Consensus on a global definition of sexual abuse remains illusive, but the line is to regard it as inappropriate sexual involvement between a minor (under 18) and a sexually maturer person (at least 5 years older).Such behaviour is intended to lead to sexual arousal and may range from fondling to intercourse. No single factor determines the psychological impact that sexual abuse has on the child. Rather, the intensity of the childs traumatisation and the cite of the psychological symptoms are influenced by several factors (Bagley and King, 1990 Dubowitz, Black, Harrington and Verschoore, 1993) The childs full stop of socio-sexual culture, temperament and understanding of the social sanctions against such behaviour.Effects will because depend on the meaning attached to it by the individual child. The genius of the abusive acts. Penetration, for example, will be more calumnious than fondling or mere exhibitionism. The use of coercion and violence. Non-consensual abuse appears to have a especially harmful impact on the victim. The perpetrators relationship with child. Abuse by a trusted caretaker leads to more intense emotional engagement for the victim. The perpetrators proximity to the victim. Victims who cannot avoidanceunwanted situations suffer more deleterious effects. The absence of familial support. The badly dysfunctional family not only increases the childs vulnerability to abuse, but causes excessive guilt through unsympathetic reactions and rejection of the victim. Intrusive negative effects of unwanted abuse is indubitably amplified when the abuse is accompanied by poor nurturance (as is the case with many institutionalise a buse cases) and an unstable home life. Negative effects are similarly aggravated in cases of incest where the child has assumed an pseudoadult role within the family, since this in effect enmeshes the victim into the family system, prevents the development of normal peer relations and makes termination of the abuse so much more intricate. Childrens reactions to the abuse are various and idiosyncratic. Consequently, the evidence regarding the psychological effects of sexual abuse is contradictory.There is little doubt, however, that such premature exposure to sex gives rise to precocious sexuality, arrested psycho-sexual development and a distorted perception of love and affection (Li et al., 1990). Diminished inhibition, slackness for personal boundaries, inappropriate sexual behaviours and excessive masturbation are also noted (Bagley and King, 1990). Putman, Helmers and Trickett (1993) report increase levels of dissociation among abused and traumatised children, accompanied by heightened aggressive and self destructive behaviour. Short term effects of child sexual abuse include fear, anxiety, guilt, hostility and shame (Bagley and King, 1990 Herrmann, 1989). Negative heading mechanism such as passive submission, repression, identification with the aggressor or anger suppression appear to aggravate behavioural symptoms such as learnt helplessness, depression, sleep and somatic complaints, hyperactivity and sexual acting out. Long term effects include suicidal ideation, hysterical seizures, confused social relationships, increased violence, promiscuity, truancy and delinquency.Adult survivors of sexual abuse report sexual dysfunction, phobias, neuroticism, anorexia and internality abuse (Bagley and King, 1990). Also reported are post traumatic stress disorder symptoms such as affect disorders and depersonalisation (Dubowitz et al., 1993). Li et al. (1990) point out that many sexually abused individuals do not present with such diffuse reactions and sugge st that victims who do react negatively were inherently move before the on set of the abuse. This implies thatpathological reactions are correlationally and not causally connected to sexual abuse. It is, indeed, difficult to separate the noxious effects of the sexual abuse from those of the environment or family scenario. In effect, sexual abuse may simply provides a core around which all other harmful experiences may be organised.Following this argument, it is inappropriate to single out sexual molestation as the root of subsequent deviations. Despite these objections, the many and varied psychological symptoms correlated to sexual abuse point to a unfluctuating link between such abuse and subsequent prostitution. Where unwanted sexual contact becomes a focus for the victim, it may lead to runaway behaviour, which is the mediating inconstant associated with prostitution (Caplan, 1984 Coleman, 1989 McMullen, 1987).The appetite towards prostitution among sexually abused runaways is facilitated by their heightened cognisance of sexuality and its usefulness as a means of meeting apomictic needs. While there is a positive correlation between aboriginal sexual experiences and subsequent entry into a life of prostitution, this alone is seemingly not sufficient. Other correlations need to be considered to assess their impact on the aetiology of prostitution among juveniles. One such factor which has emerged as a direct precipitating factor is that of running away.Chapter 4Runaway doingsA primary method of procuring a juvenile for prostitution is through the use of feigned friendship and love. Often the prospective pimp will identify and fulfill an unmet need of the target jejuneness. A combination of subjugation and intimidation appears to be the most common approach used by pimps to recruit young women into prostitution. In these situations pimps typically frequent areas where juveniles are apt to congregate such as shopping malls, videogame arcades, and bus stations. The initial word form of procurement is essentially an information-gathering mission in which he attempts to identify the jejunenesss vulnerabilities. The pimp can be friendly or flirtatious, depending on which approach gains the best response. During this initial conversation he encourages her to give out him information about herself that he will subsequently use to seduce her. Is she a runaway? Why?Is she window shopping looking at clothing that she cannot afford? Is she a truant tired of the restrictions of school and her parents rules? Does she perceive herself as gawky, unattractive, unpopular? The pimp then uses the information that she naively provides him to tailor his recruitment strategy or rap to meet what he perceives her needs to be. If she is a runaway he will offer her food and shelter and vaguely hint at the possibility of a job. are her parent s too strict ? He will commi serate with her, tell her shes too smart, too mature, to have all of those restrictions. Is she lonely? Does she consider herself undesirable? Then he will fawn over her. Pimps then use a combination of flattery and charm, the promise of money, protection, companionship, and intimacy to con a young woman into prostitution. This chapter includes excerpts from four interviews with women who became prostitutes as teenagers and six interviews with men who became pimps.Chapter 5Substance AbuseA study of 200 street prostitutes record a high prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse in their family of origin, during the drift into prostitution and as part of prostitution. Additionally, the study documented a high prevalence of nitty-gritty abuse among the child molesters and rapists of the subjects. The man of a relationship between plaza abuse and prostitution in and of itself does not imply causality. It is not clear whether subject abuse is one of the factors that pushed these women into prostitution (as noted earlier, 55% of the subjects reported being addict ed prior to their prostitution involvement) or whether it was prostitution that caused their drug involvement (30% became addicted following and 15% concurrently with their prostitution involvement). Most likely, both prostitution and substance abuse are the behavioral translations of these womens endless cycles of victimization and severely upset backgrounds, as well as an expression of the self-destructive pull, the spirit of hopelessness, helplessness, negative self-concept and psychological paralysis reported by almost any subject in the study. (J Psychoactive Drugs. 1982).A strong correlation between some form of substance abuse and prostitution is observed on the streets in different countries.It has not yet been determined whether the onset of substance abuse precedes prostitution or follows soon after it can be proposed that the development of drug addiction would undoubtedly create the need for a convenient means, such as prostitution, to pay for the habit equally auth orized is the premise that drug euphory is needed by the prostitute to lenify the degradation and humiliation felt in the act of prostitution. Without a tight knowledge of the chronological sequence, it is not possible to ascertain whether the substance abuse is a cause or an effect of prostitution. Ben-Arie (1985) defines drug abuse as the consumption, without medical supervision, of medically useful drugs which alter mood and behaviour for a purpose other than that for which it is prescribed or the consumption of any straits changing substances which have no legitimate medical or socially acceptable use.Street prostitutes ostensibly become involved only in those drugs that are freely available on the streets such as dagga (marijuana tetro-hydrocannabanol), Methaqualone (mandrax imitations or buttons), Welconal (Dipipanone Hydrochloride) and Cocaine, although other substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide), cough mixture and barbiturates are als o abused. Understanding the processes down the initiation and continuation of drug abuse among children and adolescents is no simple task. Psychological factors contributing to drug dependence include the presence of psychiatric illnesses, mentally retarded emotional development, repressed anger and inability to deal with stress. Further social factors such as negative peer pressure, inconsistent familial relations and social alienation may add to the youths disposition towards drug abuse (Coombs and Coombs, 1988 Davies an Coggans, 1991).Glynn and Haenlein (1988) highlight that the development of substance abuse in youths often indicates the presence of poor intra-familial relations, delinquency and delayed emotional development. The majority of dependants initiated usage as an emotionally unstable child who found the euphoria psychologically attractive, and continued the dependency as a means of escape from the unfavourable emotions linked to reality (Du Plessis, unpublished). Wh ile typical abuse situations such as sexual molestation, neglect, physical abuse, foster placements or delinquent absconding may lead to substance abuse, more incipient forms of abuse have a similar effect.High socio economic families in which parents do not take responsibility for their child, where there is a lack ofcommunication, poor discipline and temporal values may increase the childs 10 openness to drug addiction. Substance abuse is, therefore, a merely symptom, along with other behavioural deficits such as delinquency or truancy, of the problems which have disturbed the childs normal social development from an early age (Sneider, 1986). It is from the combined impact of the childs negative experiences from which prostitution and substance abuse evolves (Coombs and Coombs, 1988).Chapter 6Social Support SystemsIn the discussion so far, the impact of child abuse (particularly sexual molestation), running away and substance abuse have been considered. In each, the importance of the chaotic family environment has been highlighted as weighty in the aetiology of the deviant behaviour among youth. Children do not become involved in sexual compromise unless under positive duress or dire physical need. Li et al. (1990) argue that only those children who have been subject to multiple forms of abuse and severely dysfunctional familial structures are more prone to prostitution. McMullen (1987) states that of one thing we can be certain a child who is loved and cared for will have a good self image and is unlikely to enter into a life of prostitution (p 39). The importance of the family life on the childs development highlights the intervention of offbeat systems as a possible indicator of individuals at higher risk for juvenile prostitution activities.Where the family unit has become irreparably dysfunctional, or stressors on the child have become unbearable, welfare and care organisations are in place to offer assistance and support. Despite this, there are those who do not adequately benefit from the resources available. Admission into care organizations is disruptive on school, friends and family, is stigmatizing and does not always protect the child from further abuse.Corrective action against family instability and sexual abuse, particularly when only overtone or not sufficiently followed through, appears to increase the chances of revictimisation (Bagley and King, 1990). The removed child is position in care where she may again be abused, abscond and then become involved in the network of drugs and prostitution. In fact the experiences gained in these institutions may be invaluable to the youthin equipping her with the particularized skills to survive on the street.The possible link between the failure of welfare agencies and subsequent involvement in teenage prostitution may important in ascertaining which factors lead to the development of such activities and helping to determine which children are at particular risk.SUMMARY In the consideration of the factors precipitating juvenile prostitution, it is important to consider the impact of the individuals personal life history, relationship with parents and involvement in welfare institutions. From this it may be possible to establish which factors lead to absconding, drug addiction and ultimately prostitution. Child prostitution is a unique form of child abuse that is often inexplicable from the public eye. It is not just limited to developing countries, child prostitution it is a global issue. These children rarely choose to engage in prostitution services but instead are tricked or lured into the business. Once in the business, the children face traumatic psychological and physical abuse that no person, much less a child, should ever experience. Those children that are lucky enough to escape remain traumatized for the rest of their lives. However, not all child prostitutes are able to escape the business. Many do not survive to adulthood or remain sex workers forever.Chapter 7AimsThis study aims to identify those factors that precipitate child prostitution through an assessment of the demographic and psychographic nature of the juvenile prostitutes.Chapter 8MethodsA non-experimental, or ex post facto, research design will be used to assess the variables leading to juvenile prostitution. Ex post facto designs are used when it is not possible to manipulate variables or to intend subjects or conditions at random (Kerlinger, 1979). The primary characteristic ofnon-experimental research is that the independent variables come to the researcher after their effects have been exercised, giving no opportunity for manipulation. Control of extraneous variables is limited. The conclusions are not empirically as strong as with experimental designs since control of variables is limited. For this reason as many variables as possible should be explored so as to limit the number of extraneous variables that may be effecting the dependant variabl e.Using the ex post facto method, the independent variables will be investigated in youth that are involved in prostitution so as to assess the effects of these in the development of prostitution activities. The research design is open to objection on the grounds that retrospective recollections are subject to distortion, suppression and faulty attributions of cause and effect. In addition, it is questionable whether one can trust the historical accounts of social deviants such as drug addicts and prostitutes. While this may be so, this appears to be a relatively effective means of ascertaining the possible reasons why the youth became exposed and involved in sexual exploitation on the streets. finisProstitution, sexual exploitation and sex slavery of children and adolescents is an increasing social problem in some developing countries. Child prostitution is linked to poverty, economic development and may be escalated by international tourism. Child prostitution is destructive to li fe and an affront to human dignity. Professional Psychologists are further to direst their expertise into tackling these issues at the levels of prevention as well as cure, as it appears that child prostitution will continue to increase throughout the Asian Region hand to hand with increased tourism and economic development. treat research needs to lead to social change, the change of attitudes toward women and female children and increased education of family values and the value and dignity of life. Community awareness and possible alternatives for employment must also be considered. Psychologists also need to look at the psychology of the paedophile, the abuser and the exploiter, also the family members who are willing to sell their children to provide a better house, a TV or othermaterial goods. It is hoped that in the process of development in other ordinal World and Asian nations that this gross violation of the dignity of the rights of Children can be avoided.Bibliography Bagley, C., and King, K. (1990). 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